UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


Crematory  built  by  The  Municipal  Engineering  Company  at 
Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans. 

Frontispiece. 


GARBAGE    CREMATORIES 
IN   AMERICA 


BY 

WILLIAM   MAYO   TENABLE,  M.S 

M 

Assoc.  M.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.;  Assoc.  M.  Am.  Inst.  Elec.  Engrs. 

Captain  Second  U.  S.  Vol.  Engineers 


FIRST  EDITION 

FIRST    THOUSAND 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 

C4l  .TORN'-"' 


NEW  YORK 

JOHN   WILEY   &    SONS 
:  CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  LIMITED 
1906 


Copyright,  1906 

BY 

WILLIAM  MAYO  VENABLE 


ROBERT  DRCMMOND,  PRINTER,  NEW  YORK 


TO  MY  FATHEK 


PREFACE. 


UNTIL  May  1904  the  writer  had  not  directed  his  attention 
to  the  construction  of  garbage  crematories,  although  he  had 
been  deeply  interested  in  kindred  problems.  It  then  unex- 
pectedly devolved  upon  him  to  remedy  defects  in  the  design 
of  garbage  crematories  already  built,  and  to  advise  regard- 
ing the  prosecution  of  patents  in  which  friends  were  interested. 

This  work  involved  investigation  of  what  has  been  done 
in  the  field  of  crematory  construction — a  study  which  has 
been  carried  on  by  two  methods,  namely,  inspection  of  instal- 
lations actually  built,  and  analysis  of  features  of  design  as 
discoverable  from  Patent  Office  records. 

To  place  the  useful  data  so  secured  where  others  may  profit 
by  them  is  one  object  of  this  book.  An  attempt  has  been 
made  to  indicate  the  principles  of  design  of  every  type  of  cre- 
matory built  in  the  United  States,  and  to  give  a  list  of  installa- 
tions at  least  large  enough  to  enable  any  interested  party  to 
look  into  the  merits  and  to  mark  the  development  of  any 
system.  The  writer  would  be  glad  to  receive  supplementary 
data. 

However,  the  scope  of  the  book  is  not  limited  to  a  dis- 
cussion of  designs.  It  extends  to  a  discussion  of  matters  that 


vi  PREFACE. 

must  be  considered  in  connection  with  the  selection  of  a  sys- 
tem of  garbage  or  refuse  disposal,  as  well  as  to  those  matters 
that  bear  upon  the  selection  of  a  crematory  to  meet  any  par- 
ticular requirements. 

WM.  MAYO  VENABLE. 

NEW  YORK,  April  13,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

PAGE 

THE  PROBLEM  OF  DISPOSING  OF  WASTE  MATERIALS.  .  1 


CHAPTER  II. 
QUANTITIES  OF  VARIOUS  WASTE  MATERIALS  AND  SYSTEMS  OF  COLLECTION     15 

CHAPTER  III. 
THE  PROBLEM  OF  BURNING  REFUSE  WITHOUT  OFFENSE 26 

CHAPTER  IV. 
THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN 39 

CHAPTER  V. 
THE  COST  OF  OPERATING  A  CREMATORY 77 

CHAPTER  VI. 
CREMATORY- BUILDERS  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS 88 

CHAPTER  VII. 

BRITISH  PRACTICE,  AND  BURNING  REFUSE  FOR  STEAM  PRODUCTION 150 

vii 


vin  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

PAGE 

MATERIALS  AND  METHODS  OF  CONSTRUCTION 168 

CHAPTER  IX. 
CREMATORY  CHIMNEYS 179 

CHAPTER  X. 

SUMMARY  AND  SUGGESTIONS 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


FIG-  PAGE 

CREMATORY  AT  FORT  LEAVENWORTH,  KANS Frontispiece 

1.  RECEIVING-FLOOR  FOR  A  LARGE  DIXON  CREMATORY 13 

2.  METHOD  OF  OPERATING  ENGLE  CREMATORY 27 

3.  CREMATORY  BUILDING  AT  SOUTH  BEND,  IND 33 

4.  "I.  O.  SMITH"  REFUSE  BURNER 35 

5.  "HALL"  RUBBISH  CREMATORY 37 

6.  "HORSFALL"  CREMATING  FURNACE 41 

7.  "  WRIGHT  "  INCINERATING  FURNACE 43 

8.  "ENGLE "  CREMATING  FURNACE 47 

9.  "WARNER"  GARBAGE  FURNACE 49 

10.  "BOULGER"  GARBAGE  CREMATORY 51 

11.  "LITTLE  &  SHAW"  (DIXON)  GARBAGE  FURNACE 53 

12.  "McKAY"  CREMATORY 57 

13.  "DECARIE"  GARBAGE  CREMATORY 59 

14.  "F.  P.  SMITH"  (MUNICIPAL)  GARBAGE  FURNACE 63 

15.  "WALKER"  GARBAGE  FURNACE 65 

16.  CREMATORY  BUILDING  AT  LEAGUE  ISLAND  NAVY  YARD 75 

17.  EXGLE  CREMATORY  AT  THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION 89 

18.  ENGLE  CREMATORY.     VIEW  OF  FURNACE 89 

19.  CREMATORY  BUILDING  AT  SALT  LAKE  CITY 93 

20.  DIXON  CREMATORY.     EXTERIOR  OF  FURNACE „ 97 

21.  "DIXON"  GARBAGE  CREMATORY 99 

22.  DECARIE  CREMATORY.     DRAWING  SHOWING  CONSTRUCTION 103 

23.  CREMATORY  BUILDING  AT  DULUTH,  MINN 107 

24.  STENCH-CONSUMER,  DECARIE  FURNACE.  ., 107 

25.  CREMATORY  BUILDING  AT  BUTLER,  PA 109 

26.  EXTERIOR  OF  SMALL  BOULGER  FURNACE 113 

27.  CREMATORY  BUILDING  AT  FORT  McKiNLEY,  ME 113 

28.  "  SANITARY  "  CREMATORY 117 

29.  "VIVARTTAS"  CREMATING  FURNACE 119 

30.  "DAVIS "  GARBAGE  FURNACE 121 

31.  "BROWN"  GRATE  BAR 123 

ix 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


32.  "BROWNLEE"  GARBAGE  FURNACE 125 

33.  "THACKERAY"  INCINERATOR 129 

34.  "McGiEHAN"  REFUSE  BURNER 131 

35.  "DE  LA  CHAPELLE  &  PEARCE"  FURNACE 133 

36.  "  STRINGFELLOW  "  GARBAGE  FURNACE 135 

37.  "SMEAD"  GARBAGE  FURNACE 137 

38.  "LESTER  &  DEAN "  FURNACE 139 

39.  "H.  B.  SMITH"  GARBAGE  CREMATORY 141 

40.  "STEARNS"  INCINERATING  FURNACE 143 

41.  "WISELOGEL"  REFUSE  BURNER 145 

42.  "  U.  S.  ARMY  "  GARBAGE  CREMATORY 147 

43.  "MELDRUM"  FURNACE 157 

44.  EXTERIOR  OF  REFUSE  SORTING  AND  CREMATING  PLANT  AT  BUFFALO, 

NEW  YORK 163 

45.  CREMATORY  BUILDING  AT  FORT  RILEY,  KANS 1 77 


GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  PROBLEM  OF  DISPOSING  OF  WASTE  MATERIALS. 

THE  reasons  why  the  problem  of  refuse  disposal  is  receiving 
an  ever-increasing  amount  of  attention  from  engineers,  muni- 
cipal authorities,  and  from  the  American  public  do  not  lie 
in  the  newness  of  the  problem,  but  rather  in  an  intellectual 
and  aesthetic  awakening  of  the  people.  The  same  spirit  that 
leads  men  to  realize  the  corruption  of  politics  and  business, 
and  to  attempt  to  remedy  these  conditions  by  adopting  new 
methods  of  administration  and  new  laws,  also  leads  to  a  reali- 
zation of  the  primitiveness  of  the  methods  of  waste  disposal 
still  employed  by  most  communities,  and  to  a  consequent 
desire  for  improvement. 

This  spirit  is  more  than  normally  manifested  now  in  the 
treatment  of  all  matters  affecting  public  health,  especially 
matters  connected  with  the  spread  of  diseases  known  to  be 
infectious  or  contagious.  The  sdtuy  of  bacteriology  has  been 
effective  in  stimulating  a  realization  of  the  advantages  of 
systematic  destruction  of  polluted  materials.  At  the  same 
time  there  has  developed  a  general  public  desire  to  prevent 
the  destruction  of  the  beauty  of  Nature  in  the  outskirts  of 
our  cities  and  towns  by  neglect  or  abuse.  A  witness  of  this 


2  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

is  the  rapid  spread  of  the  park  system,  and  the  enthusiasm 
with  which  the  people  greet  systematic  and  effectual  efforts 
to  remove  blemishes  from  the  face  of  Nature  in  their  respect- 
ive towns. 

Yet  the  crudity  of  the  methods  of  refuse  disposal  in  most 
of  our  American  cities  is  almost  incredible  to  an  intelligent 
person  when  his  attention  is  first  directed  to  observe  such 
matters,  the  disposal  of  garbage  being  in  many  cities  less  intelli- 
gently managed  than  among  savages,  and  the  disposal  of 
litter,  tin  cans,  waste  paper,  etc.,  a  class  of  waste  with  which 
savages  do  not  have  to  deal,  being  conducted  in  so  slovenly  a 
manner  as  to  excite  disgust  in  any  person  who  realizes  the  facts. 

The  first  discovery  of  the  fact  that  practically  all  of  the 
towns  on  the  rivers  of  the  great  Mississippi  River  system  not 
only  turn  all  of  their  liquid  sewage  into  the  streams  unpurified, 
but  also  dump  into  the  rivers  their  solid  vegetable  garbage  and 
night-soil,  barge-loads  at  a  time,  is  likely  to  come  with  consider- 
able shock  to  the  average  citizen;  but  even  such  abominable 
practice  is  little  worse  than  the  pollution  of  the  air  by  the 
foul  odors  of  a  garbage  or  refuse  dump,  nor  is  the  pollution 
of  streams  probably  a  greater  menace  to  the  public  health 
than  the  opportunity  for  insects  or  dust  to  carry  infection 
from  garbage  dumping-grounds.  Sanitary  and  inoffensive 
disposal  of  wastes  must  occupy  the  minds  of  municipal  authori- 
ties in  ever-increasing  degree  until  these  conditions  productive 
of  public  nuisance  and  public  danger  no  longer  are  tolerated 
in  any  community,  and  until  no  State  will  allow  any  com- 
munity subject  to  its  jurisdiction  to  fall  into  a  practice  so 
injurious  to  the  welfare  of  its  neighbors. 

It  devolves  upon  municipal  governments  to  remedy  these 
conditions  in  each  municipality,  whether  the  matter  be  forced 
upon  their  consideration  by  public-spirited  officials,  local  pub- 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  DISPOSING  OF  WASTE  MATERIALS.       3 

lie  sentiment,  or  state  or  federal  legislation.  Those  who  are 
at  the  head  of  municipal  affairs  are  often  confronted  with  the 
necessity  of  providing  an  abatement  of  a  nuisance  and  employ- 
ing remedies  for  insanitary  conditions  before  they  have  become 
fully  conversant  with  the  details  of  the  problem  to  be  solved. 
Holding  office  for  short  terms  only,  and  often  being  unfa- 
miliar with  engineering  or  sanitary  matters,  such  officers  are 
specially  handicapped.  In  some  cases  they  wisely  consult 
their  city  engineers,  but  these  officers  are  often  unprepared 
to  report  upon  the  disposal  of  wastes  without  first  making  an 
extensive  investigation,  even  when  they  are  called  upon  for 
advice.  In  most  cases,  and  in  the  cases  of  all  small  towns, 
matters  of  sanitation  are  left  in  the  hands  of  the  City  Council 
or  corresponding  body,  with  help  or  opposition  from  the  Mayor, 
health  officers  if  any,  Board  of  Public  Works,  and  Business 
Men's  Club,  among  all  of  whom,  most  frequently,  there  is 
not  a  man  prepared  by  his  calling  to  form  a  just  opinion  as  to 
what  is  necessary. 

These  City  Councils  seldom  seek  preliminary  advice  upon 
the  subject  of  garbage  disposal,  usually  feeling  it  incumbent 
upon  them  to  handle  the  matter  without  putting  the  city  to 
any  expense  for  such  preliminaries.  They  therefore  get  in 
touch  with  some  builder  or  builders  of  such  apparatus  as  they 
think,  from  a  cursory  investigation  or  inquiry,  is  likely  to  meet 
their  requirements.  Such  consultation  usually  results  in  the 
preparing  of  an  advertisement  or  specification  under  which 
bids  are  taken  for  "a  system  of  garbage  disposal,"  and  the 
specification  is  usually  drawn  in  the  interests  of  the  particular 
builder  consulted,  while  the  advertisement  is  too  often  a  per- 
functory compliance  with  the  law,  not  placed  so  as  to  give 
wide  publicity  to  the  enterprise. 

Such  a  proceeding  does  not  necessarily  imply  any  corrupt 


4  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

motives  or  acts  on  the  part  of  those  engaged  in  it,  but  it  offers 
opportunities  for  improper  influences  to  be  exerted,  and  often 
defeats  the  object  which  should  be  the  principal  one — to  secure 
the  best  plant  to  meet  the  actual  conditions  for  the  particular 
community  in  question.  There  seems  to  be  no  effectual  remedy 
except  to  secure  a  broader  knowledge,  on  the  part  of  the  pros- 
pective purchasers  and  their  representatives,  of  the  condi- 
tions to  be  met,  and  of  the  available  means  of  meeting  them; 
and  in  the  last-named  category  should  be  included  knowl- 
edge of  what  types  of  structure  are  controlled  by  patents 
and  what  are  free,  in  order  that  specifications  may  admit 
competition. 

Although  this  book  will  deal  chiefly  with  cremation  or 
incineration  of  wastes,  and  will  not  pretend  to  deal  with  all 
the  methods  of  disposal  that  have  been  proposed  or  tried, 
some  reference  to  other  methods  is  necessary  in  order  that 
the  field  to  be  filled  by  the  crematory,  that  other  methods 
of  disposal  do  not  fill,  may  be  completely  understood;  and 
in  order  that  the  purposes  of  the  other  methods  may  be  under- 
stood and  their  value  judged,  it  is  necessary  to  treat  briefly 
of  the  value  of  products  contained  in  or  recoverable  from 
domestic  wastes  of  various  kinds. 

Domestic  refuse  of  all  sorts  consists  of  what  people  discard 
and  desire  removed  from  their  homes,  without  expectation 
of  receiving  payment  in  return— in  fact,  the  material  which 
citizens  must  have  removed  at  some  cost,  direct  or  indirect, 
to  themselves  or  to  the  community.  Obviously  such  refuse — 
valueless  to  the  individual — can  have  but  little  if  any  value 
to  the  community  or  to  any  corporation  undertaking  to  dis- 
pose of  it;  and  any  value  that  it  does  possess  depends  upon 
its  being  susceptible  to  treatment  on  a  large  scale,  at  com- 
paratively small  cost. 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  DISPOSING  OF  WASTE  MATERIALS.       5 

The  small  value  that  it  may  possess  may  be  due  to  dis- 
carding of  articles  of  some  market  value,  though  valueless  to 
the  possessor,  which  may  be  recovered  by  sorting  and  be  sold 
to  other  parties;  or  it  may  be  due  to  the  value  of  materials 
contained  in  the  refuse  that  may  be  treated  chemically  so 
as  to  recover  them  in  useful  form. 

The  materials  in  domestic  waste  that  may  sometimes  be 
used  or  converted  into  marketable  products  are  chiefly  these: 

1.  Kitchen  garbage  suitable  for  feeding  hogs. 

2.  Grease  and  oils  in  garbage,  valuable,  when  extracted, 
for  making  soap. 

3.  Organic  or  nitrogenous  materials,  of  use  as  fertilizers. 

4.  Materials  useful  for  fuel. 

5.  Rags  and  paper. 

6.  Unbroken  bottles. 

7.  Tin  and  solder,  recoverable  from  tin  cans. 

8.  Broken  crockery,  useful  for  making  roads  or  in  building 
operations. 

9.  Material  suitable  for  filling. 

The  recovery  of  them  is  usually  unsanitary  and  expensive, 
and  often  impracticable.  Such  recovery  at  best  can  only  be 
made  to  assist  in  defraying  the  expense  of  collection  and 
disposal;  and  in  attempting  to  recover  a  part  of  the  valuable 
products  great  care  must  be  exercised  to  insure  that  the  means 
adopted  will  in  reality  extract  the  value  without  necessita- 
ting an  expenditure  exceeding  that  value. 

Where  all  kinds  of  domestic  wastes,  including  garbage,  are 
thrown  into  one  receptacle,  any  attempt  at  sorting  as  a  pre- 
liminary part  of  utilization  must  be  abandoned  on  sanitary 
grounds.  The  only  value  such  refuse  may  possess  is  to  be 
found  in  using  it  for  filling  or  for  fuel.  To  use  it  for  filling 
is  unsanitary,  and  its  value  for  fuel  is  not  sufficient  to  make 


6  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

it  pay  in  competition  with  coal,  except  in  rare  instances  where 
coal  is  very  expensive.  The  only  sanitary  method  of  disposing 
of  such  mixed  garbage  and  refuse  is  to  burn  it,  obtaining  what 
heat  value  is  practicable,  and  to  use  the  ashes  for  filling.  Such 
ashes  do  not  have  any  considerable  value  as  fertilizer,  and 
they  contain  a  large  portion  of  clinker,  fused  glass,  and  por- 
celain, and  cans  with  the  tin  burned  off. 

Garbage  is  suitable  for  feeding  to  hogs  only  when  carefully 
collected  every  day,  and  unmixed  with  other  refuse.  Feed- 
ing stale  or  unsterilized  garbage  to  hogs  is  said  to  be  likely 
to  produce  hog-cholera.  Therefore  this  method  of  utilization 
is  of  very  limited  application,  and  should  be  permitted  in 
towns  only  under  the  most  careful  regulation,  if  at  all. 
In  cities  it  should  be  prohibited  for  sanitary  reasons,  it 
being  impracticable  to  collect  the  garbage  in  suitable  con- 
dition. 

Grease,  oils,  and  fertilizers  are  extracted  from  garbage  by 
several  " reduction"  systems.  The  garbage  is  separated  by 
the  use  of  heat  and  machinery  into  grease  and  oil,  which  always 
have  a  market  value,  water,  which  is  laden  with  organic  matter, 
and  must  be  disposed  of,  and  " tankage"  or  the  solid  pulp,  or 
residue  after  both  grease  and  water  have  been  removed,  which 
has  some  value  as  fertilizer  in  some  localities  where  there  is  a 
market  for  it  near  at  hand.  A  complete  sanitary  disposal  must 
purify  the  water  before  discharging  it  from  the  works,  and  this 
is  rarely  done. 

When  the  refuse  is  collected  separately  from  the  garbage, 
the  former  may  be  sorted  with  only  moderately  unsanitary 
conditions,  especially  if  it  is  not  mixed  with  household  ashes, 
and  from  it  may  be  picked  the  marketable  rags,  paper,  bottles, 
and  cans  for  further  treatment,  the  residue  going  to  a  furnace 
for  destruction,  and  the  resultant  ashes  being  carted  away 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  DISPOSING  OF  WASTE  MATERIALS.       7 

or  used  for  filling.  The  value  of  these  articles  sorted  out  is 
sometimes  considerable,  but  it  is  by  no  means  always  great 
enough  to  pay  for  the  labor  of  sorting.  Whether  the  process 
is  likely  to  pay  depends  upon  the  source  of  the  refuse,  the 
amount  to  be  handled,  and  the  market  for  the  products.  Unless 
the  installation  be  of  considerable  size  it  will  not  pay  the  expenses 
of  operation  and  superintendence;  and  the  burning  of  the 
wastes  without  sorting  will  be  found  to  be  more  economical 
in  the  end. 

The  value  of  any  fuel  depends  upon  its  concentration — 
freedom  from  ashes  and  water — so  that  it  may  be  burnt  at 
as  high  temperature  as  possible.  Refuse  consisting  princi- 
pally of  paper,  household  sweepings,  etc.,  free  from  ashes  and 
moisture,  has  fuel  value  superior  to  wood;  but  if  wet  it  is  not 
so  valuable;  and  if  mixed  with  ashes  it  is  still  less  valuable. 

In  conclusion,  therefore,  we  have  to  accept  the  following 
propositions : 

1.  The  value  that  can  be  recovered  from  domestic  refuse 
in  towns  and  cities  never  equals  the  cost  of  collection  and 
disposal.     It  may  in  some  cases  be  made  to  assist  in  defraying 
these  expenses,  where  the  quantities  of  waste  to  be  disposed 
of  are  large. 

2.  The  value   of   the   recoverable   materials   can   only   be 
saved  where  separate  systems  of  collection  of  garbage  and 
refuse  are  adopted. 

3.  The  value  of  refuse  for  fuel  is  greatest  when  garbage, 
refuse,  and  ashes  are  all  collected  separately. 

In  each  special  case  whether  it  will  pay,  under  capable 
management,  to  attempt  the  recovery  of  any  materials  in  the 
wastes  or  the  development  of  power  will  be  found  to  depend 
upon  local  conditions,  chiefly  upon  the  quantity  to  be  handled, 
the  price  of  hauling,  the  market  for  the  products,  the  price 


8  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

of  power,  and  the  ability  to  enforce  a  separate  collection  of 
garbage,  wastes,  and  ashes. 

The  first  thing  to  be  determined  by  a  town  taking  up  the 
disposal  problem  is  this:  How  much  garbage,  how  much  night- 
soil,  how  much  ashes,  and  how  much  miscellaneous  litter  (paper, 
house-sweepings,  packing-boxes,  etc.)  is  to  be  destroyed?  This 
should  be  determined  in  tons  by  actual  weight  for  a  definite 
period,  on  the  city  scales.  To  guess  at  it  is  almost  worse 
than  not  to  specify  at  all.  The  cost  of  disposal  depends  to 
a  very  large  extent  upon  the  character  of  material  to  be  de- 
stroyed, and  it  may  be  three  times  as  much  per  ton  for  gar- 
bage as  for  miscellaneous  trash.  The  next  problem  to  deter- 
mine is  whether  there  will  be  separate  collection  of  kitchen 
garbage.  If  such  is  to  be  the  case,  the  method  of  disposing 
of  kitchen  garbage  may  be  determined.  This  may  be  by 
reduction  or  by  cremation. 

A  reduction  process  is  one  by  which  the  vegetable  oils  are 
extracted  from  the  garbage.  To  be  perfectly  sanitary  it  must 
include  also  the  disposal  by  purification  (not  sterilization  only) 
of  the  liquid  remaining,  and  the  sanitary  disposal  of  the  pulp, 
or  solid  residue,  for  which  a  value  as  a  fertilizer  is  usually 
claimed.  The  process  is  foreign  to  the  principal  subject  of  this 
paper;  but  it  may  be  noted  that  the  cost  of  an  equipment  to 
carry  out  reduction  completely  is  several  times  as  great  as 
the  cost  of  a  crematory  to  dispose  of  the  garbage  by  fire;  that 
difficulties  attendant  upon  making  the  plant  odorless  are 
much  greater  than  for  crematories,  and  that  the  cost  of  oper- 
ation is  much  greater,  while  the  profits  to  be  realized  are  prob- 
lematic, depending  upon  a  very  efficient  business  and  technical 
administration.  To  make  such  a  plant  pay  a  return  on  the 
investment  required  to  build  it,  it  is  necessary  in  most  cases 
for  the  city  to  pay  a  subsidy  to  assist  the  operation;  in  almost 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  DISPOSING  OF  WASTE  MATERIALS.       9 

every  case  the  liquid  from  the  garbage,  after  the  oil  is  extracted, 
is  allowed  to  enter  some  stream  where  it  subsequently  becomes 
food  for  germs  of  decomposition  and  injures  the  water  for  all 
purposes. 

In  a  paper  *  entitled  "Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse''  Mr. 
Rudolph  Hering  says: 

"The  Merz  process  was  the  first  in  successful  use  and  is 
still  used  in  St.  Louis.  It  is  briefly  described  as  follows:  The 
garbage  is  dumped  into  a  hopper  from  which  the  superfluous 
water  drains  off.  It  is  then  spread  out  and  as  much  foreign 
matter  as  possible,  such  as  cans,  bottles,  rags,  metal,  and  bones, 
is  picked  out  and  sold.  Then  it  is  dumped  into  hot-air  driers 
and  stirred  with  mechanical  mixers  for  about  six  hours,  when 
it  becomes  comminuted,  and  is  dark  brown  and  greasy.  In 
this  condition  it  is  put  into  extractors  or  closed  tanks  into 
which  naphtha  is  made  to  percolate  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
solving and  thereby  extracting  the  grease.  The  grease  solu- 
tion is  drawn  off,  separated  from  the  naphtha,  barreled,  and 
sold.  The  naphtha  is  vaporized,  then  condensed  and  used 
again.  The  tankage  is  ground,  sifted,  and  sold  for  fertilizing 
purposes,  or  has  been  used  in  its  natural  state  for  fuel." 

"The  Simonin  process  is  quite  similar." 

"The  Arnold  process  is  used  chiefly  in  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Boston.  It  is  the  simplest,  and  apparently  the 
most  successful  and  least  costly.  The  garbage,  after  picking 
out  metals,  glass,  and  other  undesirable  stuff,  is  dumped  into 
digesters,  holding  each  about  eight  tons.  In  them  the  gar- 
bage is  cooked  several  hours  under  pressure  of  live  steam. 
It  is  then  allowed  to  fall  through  a  valve  at  the  bottom  of  a 
continuously  rolling  press  which  separates  the  fluid  from  the 
tankage.  The  fluid  consists  of  grease  and  water  which  are 

*  Transactions,  Am.  Soc.  C.E.  Vol.  LIV,  Part  E,  pages  263  to  308. 


10 


GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 


subsequently  separated  by  gravity,  the  water  flowing  off  into 
a  sewer  and  the  grease  into  tanks  to  be  barreled  and  sold. 
The  remaining  solid  matter  or  tankage  is  dried  and  then  either 
ground  and  sold  as  a  filler  for  fertilizers,  burned,  or  wasted." 
Mr.  Hering  gives  the  following  table  of  costs  of  reduction: 

COST  OF  REDUCTION. 


Cost  to 

City. 

Process. 

Date. 

City 
per  Ton. 

Authority 

St   Louis 

Merz 

1897 

SI.  80 

Chapin 

Buffalo                                        .          

Merz 

1900 

0.69 

Chapin 

Buffalo  .                                         

Merz 

1903 

0.77 

Local 

Providence.  ...                               

Simonin 

1898 

1.62 

Chapin 

N.  Y.  City  (Borough  of  Manhattan)  .... 

Arnold 

1899 

0.60 

Chapin 

N.  Y.  City  (Borough  of  Manhattan)  .... 

Arnold 

1903 

1.71 

Local 

Boston  

Arnold 

1904 

0.96 

Local 

Another  process  separates  the  grease  and  water  from  the 
tankage  by  distillation,  and  subsequently  separates  the  grease 
from  the  water.  Processes  are  also  proposed  to  produce  alcohol 
for  use  in  the  arts  by  fermentation  and  distillation  of  garbage. 

In  any  given  case,  unless  the  sale  of  the  product  of  reduction 
produces  an  income  sufficient  to  pay  all  the  costs  of  operation 
and  interest  and  depreciation  on  the  plant,  the  process  cannot 
be  conducted  without  a  subsidy.  This  subsidy  should  never 
exceed  the  cost  of  disposal  by  other  means.  Any  reduction 
plant  produces  tankage  or  fertilizer  that  has  a  most  offensive 
odor,  even  if  the  process  be  so  conducted  as  to  be  inoffensive, 
Tankage  should  never  be  transported  through  a  residence  or  a 
business  district.  Therefore,  there  are  few  places  where  reduc- 
tion can  be  adopted  to  advantage,  compared  with  the  number 
of  places  where  some  disposal  system  must  be  applied. 

The  next  problem  to  be  considered,  and  the  one  that  is 
too  often  neglected  until  after  contracts  for  building  are  Jet, 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  DISPOSING     F  f      MATERIALS 


is  the  location  of  the  disposal  plant.  This  should  be  deter- 
mined by  the  conditions  of  haul.  If  garbage,  ashes,  and 
refuse  are  all  collected  separately,  the  best  American  practice 
is  to  haul  the  ashes  direct  to  the  dump  for  filling,  and  to  haul 
the  other  wastes  to  the  disposal  plant,  though  collecting  them 
in  separate  wagons.  British  practice  differs  from  this  in 
that  the  ashes  are  usually  passed  through  the  crematory  with 
other  wastes.  The  merits  of  these  two  methods  will  be  dis- 
cussed later. 

If  reduction  is  resorted  to,  or  if  garbage  is  to  be  dumped 
at  sea,  as  is  often  done,  there  remains  only  the  miscellaneous 
waste  to  be  destroyed.  This  is  sometimes  picked  over  and 
sorted,  all  materials  of  salable  value  being  placed  together,  baled 
and  sold,  and  the  residue  burned  in  a  refuse-furnace,  with  the 
production  of  some  steam  for  power  purposes,  but  in  most 
cases  the  refuse  is  not  sorted,  but  burned  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  destroying  it. 

A  furnace  that  may  be  admirably  suited  for  burning  refuse 
to  produce  power  may  be  worthless  for  burning  kitchen  gar- 
bage, and  vice  versa,  but  furnaces  may  be  designed  to  burn 
both.  In  most  of  the  small  cities  and  towns  in  the  United 
States  the  conditions  are  such  that  the  crematory  should  be 
capable  of  burning  either  kitchen  garbage,  or  miscellaneous  refuse, 
or  both  at  an  economical  cost  and  without  producing  a  nui- 
sance. But  it  is  especially  important  that  the  quantities  of 
each  shall  be  known  before  the  contract  is  let,  and  not  merely 
the  total  quantity  of  all  combined. 

Assuming  that  it  has  been  determined  what  material  is 
to  be  burned,  the  crematory  should  be  located  so  as  to  reduce 
the  haul  to  a  minimum,  in  order  that  the  cost  of  collection 
may  be  kept  within  the  proper  bounds.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered that  ashes  will  have  to  be  hauled  from  the  crematory,  as 


12  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

well  as  garbage  to  it.  The  crematory  should  preferably  be 
located  at  the  center  of  the  collection  district  or  at  the  ash- 
dump,  if  the  latter  is  not  at  too  great  a  distance.  The  loca- 
tion will  determine  to  some  extent  the  kind  of  building  that 
should  be  erected  to  be  in  keeping  with  surrounding  objects. 

The  preliminaries  being  determined,  it  remains  for  the 
authorities  to  determine  upon  a  plant,  or  at  least  upon  the  con- 
ditions that  they  will  require  prospective  bidders  to  fulfill. 
To  throw  some  light  upon  what  should  be  exacted  and  expected, 
so  that  those  called  upon  to  fix  such  requirements  may  not 
be  acting  wholly  in  the  dark,  the  writer  offers  the  review  of 
the  present  status  of  the  art,  hoping  that  it  will  be  found  of 
use.  He  is  aware  that  connection  with  a  company  actively 
engaged  in  building  crematories  may  be  regarded  by  some  as 
disqualifying  him  from  presenting  these  matters  with  candor, 
and  therefore  acknowledges  such  connection,  that  readers, 
thus  forewarned,  may  judge  whether  or  not  the  following 
statements  are  the  result  of  a  narrow-spirited  promotion  of 
self  interest. 

In  the  foregoing  the  disposal  of  street-sweepings  has  not 
been  regarded,  but  in  the  following  chapter  some  reference 
to  their  quantity  and  character  will  be  found. 


CHAPTER  II. 

QUANTITIES   OF   VARIOUS    WASTE    MATERIALS    AND    SYSTEMS    OF 

COLLECTION. 

THE  domestic  wastes  to  be  collected  and  disposed  of  by 
a  municipality  or  an  institution  that  must  dispose  of  its  own 
wastes  are  of  four  kinds,  namely,  night-soil,  garbage,  refuse, 
and  ashes.  The  municipal  collection  system  must  also  provide 
for  removing  and  disposing  of  street-sweepings. 

Of  these  wastes  the  first  is  the  most  difficult  and  the 
most  expensive  to  dispose  of;  but  it  is  usually  discharged 
into  sewers,  and  its  final  reduction  is  to  be  accomplished  in 
the  sewage  purification  plant.  Its  collection  by  other  means, 
wherever  done,  requires  the  use  of  air-tight  receptacles  for  its 
transportation.  Under  no  circumstances  is  it  collected  with 
other  waste  materials. 

The  other  three  classes  of  domestic  wastes  may  be  collected 
separately  or  together,  and  actually  are  collected  separately 
in  some  places  and  together  in  others,  there  being  little  uni- 
formity in  this  practice  in  American  cities. 

In  selecting  on  a  collection  system  there  are  three  mat- 
ters to  be  considered:  the  sanitary  aspects  of  the  collection 
system,  the  cost,  and  the  method  of  disposal.  We  should 
consider  these  in  determining  both  the  collection  and  the  dis- 
posal of  these  wastes. 

From  a  sanitary  point  of  view  the  garbage  should  be  col- 
lected as  often  as  possible,  especially  during  the  summer,  as 
it  rapidly  ferments  and  becomes  offensive.  The  collection 

15 


16  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

should  be  daily,  if  the  amounts  justify  it,  and  under  no  cir- 
stances  should  it  be  less  frequent  than  twice  a  week.  On 
the  other  hand,  if  ashes  are  kept  unpolluted  by  garbage,  there 
is  no  sanitary  reason  why  they  need  be  collected  any  more 
frequently  than  is  most  convenient  for  the  collecting  system; 
and  miscellaneous  dry  refuse,  such  as  waste  paper,  rags,  pack- 
ing-house sweepings,  etc.,  may  also  be  allowed  to  accumulate 
in  suitable  receptacles  until  the  quantity  is  convenient  to 
remove.  Obviously,  from  a  sanitary  standpoint,  the  gar- 
bage should  be  collected  separately  and  frequently,  while 
the  refuse  may  be  collected  either  alone  or  mixed  with  the 
ashes,  as  may  be  found  best  when  the  disposition  is  deter- 
mined upon. 

We  now  come  to  consider  the  relative  cost  of  separate  and 
common  collection  systems. 

Kitchen  garbage,  containing  no  paper  or  other  litter,  weighs 
between  60  and  90  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot,  according  to  what 
composes  it  and  the  amount  of  water  contained.  It  is  heavier 
than  the  other  wastes.  It  requires  water-tight  carts  for  its 
proper  transportation,  and  the  carts  should  be  covered  at  all 
times  except  when  the  garbage  is  being  put  into  them.  Obvi- 
ously, a  separate  collection  system  for  it  will  be  the  least  expen- 
sive if  the  work  is  done  with  any  regard  to  sanitary  or  aesthetic 
principles.  The  miscellaneous  wastes  will  weigh  from  7  to 
10  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot,  and  the  ashes  from  70  to  100  Ibs.  per 
cubic  foot.  A  team  that  could  haul  1  cubic  yard  of  ashes  up 
the  prevailing  grades  could  haul  some  seven  yards  of  trash. 
If  the  collection  is  separate,  large  wagons  can  haul  the  trash, 
and  moderate-sized  ones  the  ashes.  The  wagons  can  be  made 
of  the  best  size  for  the  purpose;  while  with  medium-sized 
wagons  or  carts  the  loads  will  vary  exceedingly,  being  sub- 
ject to  the  judgment  of  the  drivers.  As  the  frequency  of 


WASTE  MATERIALS   AND  SYSTEMS  OF  COLLECTION.      17 

the  call  of  the  wagon  can  be  made  to  suit  the  convenience  of 
the  collection  system  adopted,  there  is  no  gain  by  having  one 
wagon  collect  two  kinds  of  wastes;  hence  separate  collection 
is  the  cheapest  where  properly  administrated. 

Let  us  now  consider  the  method  of  disposal  in  this  connection. 

If  the  different  wastes  are  disposed  of  by  different  processes, 
the  separate  collection  system  is  necessary;  if  not,  it  can- 
not prove  an  inconvenience.  If  all  products  are  to  be  cre- 
mated, if  separately  collected  they  can  be  introduced  into  the 
furnace  on  grates  especially  adopted  for  their  proper  burning. 
If  the  refuse  is  to  be  sorted,  it  can  be  handled  better  if  unmixed 
with  cinders  or  decaying  vegetables;  and  if  the  cinders  are 
to  be  burned  as  fuel,  they  may  first  be  screened  to  remove 
the  completely  burned  ash.  There  appears,  then,  no  reason 
for  adopting  a  common  collection  system  except  one,  which 
we  will  now  consider,  while  every  consideration  of  sanitation 
and  economy  dictates  three  separate  collection  systems. 

The  argument  in  favor  of  a  single  collection  system  is  that 
the  people  cannot  be  persuaded  or  forced  to  keep  the  garbage, 
the  ashes,  and  the  wastes  separate  in  the  cans.  In  small  com- 
munities where  a  considerable  portion  of  the  population  is 
of  a  low  order  of  intelligence  this  is  a  real  difficulty;  but  in 
such  communities  the  separate  collection  system  is  not  usu- 
ally so  essential.  In  large  cities  the  regulations  can  be  enforced 
easily  if  seriously  undertaken,  and  this  argument  is  a  confession 
of  executive  indolence  or  of  failure  to  grasp  the  situation. 

Whether  the  collection  is  to  be  made  by  the  city  or  by 
private  contract  is  a  question  of  policy  upon  which  practice 
differs.  The  objection  to  a  municipal  collection  is  based  upon 
the  usual  charge  of  dishonesty  or  incapacity  in  administration 
by  public  officials.  But  it  should  be  remembered  that  it  is  as 
easy  to  be  dishonest  or  neglectful  in  awarding  contracts  to 


18 


GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 


others  as  in  supervising  work.  One  disadvantage  of  the 
contract  system  lies  in  the  inability  of  the  contractor  to 
force  citizens  to  keep  the  refuse  in  proper  receptacles;  and 
another  is  that  the  contractor  is  tempted  to  make  his  visits 
as  rare  as  possible,  to  keep  his  expenses  down.  No  system 
can  insure  honesty  where  people  allow  dishonest  men  to 
represent  them;  and  no  system  can  insure  efficiency  where  the 
incapable  or  the  lazy  are  in  the  executive  positions. 

Accurate  data  regarding  the  quantities  of  wastes  of  vari- 
ous kinds  to  be  disposed  of  in  any  city  is  very  difficult  to  pro- 
cure. The  best  compilation  of  information  on  this  subject 
for  Americans  is  contained  in  Mr.  Rudolph  Bering's  paper, 
referred  to  in  Chapter  I.  From  that  paper  the  following 
tables  that  bear  numbers  are  taken.  The  unnumbered  tables 

TABLE  I. 

AVERAGE  PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  GARBAGE. 


Component   Parts. 

United 
States. 

England. 

Berlin. 

Moisture.  ...                                  

70% 

65% 

60% 

3 

2 

2 

Animal  and  vegetable  
Rubbish.  .                      

20 

7 

24 

9 

30 

8 

100 

100 

100 

TABLE  II. 

AVERAGE  PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  STREET-SWEEPINGS. 


Component  Parts. 

New  York. 
(Craven.) 

Washing- 
ton. 

(Wiley.) 

Berlin. 

(Vogel.) 

London. 
(Letheby.) 

Moisture 

37 

35 

39 

35 

Organic  matter.  . 

31 

20 

23 

36 

Ash 

32 

45 

38 

29 

100 

100 

100 

100 

Proportion  of  organic  matter  to  ash.  .. 

1:1 

1:2.2 

1:1.6 

1:0.8 

WASTE  MATERIALS   AND  SYSTEMS  OF   COLLECTION.      19 


are  taken  from  Mr.  Goodrich's  book,  "Disposal  of  Towns' 
Refuse."  * 

"From  an  inquiry  made  by  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  in  1898  among  the  cities  of  the  United  States, 
it  was  found  that  the  average  quantity  of  street-sweepings 
collected  annually  per  1000  persons  was  168.9  tons. 

"The  quantity  of  sweepings  reported  for  London  is  about 
150  tons,  and  for  Berlin  about  125  tons  annually  per  1000 
persons." 

TABLE  III. 

PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  RUBBISH. 


Kind  of  Material. 

New  York. 
(Craven,) 

London. 

(Russell.) 

Berlin. 
(Bohm  & 
Grohn  ) 

Paper.  .  .  . 

75.0 

39.4 

23  3 

Rao's  .  . 

15.5 

3.6 

6  3 

Rubber  ...                                 

0.1 

Leather.  .                                      

1.8 

3.8 

Straw.  ...                        

29.7 

19.7 

Wood  

1.4 

2.2 

Metals 

3.3 

9.2 

4  2 

Glass 

2.9 

13.1 

7  o 

Stoneware 

5.0 

33  5 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

"TABLE  IV. 
PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  CITY  REFUSE. 


Component  Parts. 

New 
York. 
(Craven.) 

Boston. 
(O'Shea.) 

Washing- 
ton. 
(Sut- 
cliffe.) 

London. 
(Codring- 
ton.) 

Berlin. 
(Bohm  & 
Grohn.) 

Ashes 

66 

70 

28 

48 

31 

Garbage  
Street  sweepings. 

10 
18 

18 
9 

20 
45 

9 
40 

19 
41 

Rubbish.  . 

6 

3 

7 

3 

9 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

*  In  his  tables,  Mr.  Hering  gives  credit  to  those  whose  reports  are  used  in 
these  compilations. 


20 


GARBAGE   CREMATORIES. 


TABLE  V. 

PERCENTAGE   COMPOSITION   IN  WEIGHT   OF   CITY  WASTES,  EXCLUDING 

STREET-SWEEPINGS. 


Cities. 

Ashes. 

Garbage. 

liubbish. 

Authority. 

New  York  
Boston. 

81 
76 

12 

20 

7 
4 

Craven 

O'Shea 

Washington  
Trenton  
Montreal  (summer)  
'  '         (winter)  

51 
75 
10 

60 

36 
21 
65 
25 

13 
4 
25 
15 

Stutler 
Hering 
Pelletier 

London  
Berlin  

82 
53 

14 
32 

4 
15 

Codrington 
Bohm  &   Grohn 

In   Colonel   Codrington's   report   to   the   Local   Government   Board   in    1888 
he  gave  the  following  analysis  of  London  refuse: 

Per  Cent. 

Ashes 52 . 6 

Breeze  (cinders) 28.8 

Soft  core  (animal  and  vegetable  refuse) 14.2 

Hard  core  (broken  pottery,  etc.) 2.9 

Coal 0.15 

Bones 0.25 

Rags 0.425 

Old  iron 0. 35 

Old  metals 0.025 

White  glass 0.075 

Black  glass 0.225 


100.000 


AVERAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  ASH-BIN  REFUSE.     (HUTTON.  ) 


Breeze  and  cinder 

Paper,  straw,  fibrous  material,  and  vegetable  refuse 

Coal 

Bones  and  offal 

Rags 

Coke 

Ash 

Dust  and  Dirt 20 . 0 

Bottles,  1%;  tins,  .  7%;  metals,  .  2%;  crockery,  .  6%;  broken 

glass,  . 5%:  a  total  of. 3.0 


Percentage 
of  Weight. 
.      50.0 
.      30.0 
.       0.7 
.       0.6 
.       0.4 
.       0.3 
12.0 


100.0 


WASTE   MATERIALS  AND  SYSTEMS  OF  COLLECTION.     21 


Mr.  Hering  arranged  these  and  the  table  given  on  page  21 
for  comparison  as  follows: 

TABLE  VI. 

AVERAGE   PERCENTAGE   COMPOSITION   OF   ENGLISH  REFUSE. 
(CLASSIFIED  APPROXIMATELY.  ) 


Component  Parts. 

Average 
English. 
(Hutton.) 

London. 
(Russell.) 

London. 
(Codring- 
ton  & 
Weston, 

1886.) 

Coal.  . 

0.7  1 

0.8 

0  2 

Coke.  .  . 

0.3/ 

\ 

Breeze  and  cinder.  .  . 

50  0  1 

63  7 

j    28  9 

Ash  
Dust  and  dirt  

Total  ashes,  etc  

12.  OJ 
20.0 

83.0 

19.5 
84.0 

J    52^5 
81  6 

Vegetables  

}  

4.6 

1 

Paper 

}•    13.0 

4.3 

}•    14  0 

Fibrous  material.  .  .  . 

J  . 

3.2 

Bones  and  offal  

0.6 

0.5 

0  3 

Total  garbage  .... 

13  6 

12  6 

14  3 

Rass.  .  . 

0.4 

0.4 

0  4 

Metal.               

0.9 

1.0 

0.4 

Glass.  ...             

0.5 

0.45 

0.3 

Bottles 

1.0 

1.0 

1       30 

Crockery  . 

0.6 

0.55 

Total  rubbish. 

3.4 

3.4 

4   1 

Total  refuse  

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

("In  America  paper  and  much  of  the  fibrous  material  is  more  usually  classi- 
fied under  rubbish.") 

This  shows  a  very  remarkable  agreement  of  the  three  analyses. 

TABLE   VII. 

PERCENTAGE  OF  WATER,    COMBUSTIBLE   MATTER,  AND  INCOMBUSTIBLE   MATTER 
IN  MIXED  REFUSE,  EXCLUDING   STREET-SWEEPINGS. 


New  York. 

London. 

Berlin. 

Water. 

Comb. 

Incom. 

Water. 

Comb. 

Incom. 

Water. 

Comb. 

Incom. 

Ashes  

20.3 

60.7 

23.9 

58.1 

1.6 

51.6 

Garbage  

8.4 

3.3 

0.3 

9.0 

4.5 

0.5 

19.2 

12.2 

0.6 

Rubbish  

6.3 

0.7 

3.6 

0.4 

13.5 

1.5 

Total.  .  .  . 

8.4 

29.9 

61.7 

9.0 

32.0 

59.0 

19.2 

27.3 

53.5 

Of  THE 

DIVERSITY  1 


or 


22 


GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 


TABLE  VIII. 

AMOUNT  OF  REFUSE  IN  FOUR  LARGE  AMERICAN  CITIES. 


Cities. 

Author. 

Total  Refuse 
per  Annum 

Population 
Served. 

Refuse  per 
1000  Persons 
per   Annum 

Refuse  per 
Capita  per 
Annum  in 

in  Tons. 

Lbs. 

New  York  

Craven 

1,699,000 

2,049,000 

835 

1670 

Boston  

Sullivan 

391,000 

530,000 

740 

1480 

Washington.  .  .  . 

Stutler 

171,000 

300,000 

570 

1140 

Baltimore  

Wickes 

380,000 

509,000 

750 

1500 

TABLE  IX. 

APPROXIMATE  AVERAGE  AMOUNTS  IN  TONS  PER  ANNUM  PER  1000  POPULA- 
TION OF  VARIOUS  CLASSES  OF  WASTES  IN  MIXED  REFUSE  OF  NEW  YORK, 
LONDON,  AND  BERLIN. 


Material. 

New  York. 
(Craven.) 

London.  (Codring- 
ton  and  others.) 

Berlin.  (Bohm  & 
Grohn.) 

Per  Cent. 

Tons. 

Per  Cent. 

Tons. 

Per  Cent. 

Tons. 

Ashes  
Garbage  
Street-sweepings  
Rubbish  

66 
10 
18 
6 

100 

550 

85 
150 
50 

825 

48 
9 
40 
3 

100 

192 
36 
160 
12 

400 

31 
19 
41 
9 

100 

93 

57 
123 

27 

300 

Total  

TABLE  X. 

APPROXIMATE  AVERAGE  AMOUNTS  IN  TONS  PER  ANNUM  PER  1000  INHABITANTS 
OF  WATER,  COMBUSTIBLE  AND  INCOMBUSTIBLE  MATTER  IN  THE  MIXED  REFUSE 
OF  NEW  YORK,  LONDON,  AND  BERLIN,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  STRRET-SWEEPINGS. 


New  York. 

London. 

Berlin. 

Water. 

Comb. 

Incom. 

Water. 

Comb. 

Incom. 

Water. 

Comb. 

Incom. 

Ashes  

138 

412 

56 

136 

3 

90 

Garbage  

58 

24 

3 

22 

12 

2 

33 

22 

2 

Rubbish  

44 

6 

10 

2 

24 

3 

Total.  .  .  . 

58 

206 

421 

22 

78 

140 

33 

49 

95 

(685  tons.  ) 

(240  tons.  ) 

(177  tons.) 

WASTE   MATERIALS  AND  SYSTEMS  OF  COLLECTION. 
LONDON  ASH-BIN  REFUSE. 


23 


The  following  analysis  is  taken  from  a  paper  read  by  Mr.  Jos.  Russell  before 
the  Sanitary  Institute  on   Feb.    10th,   1892. 


Component  Parts. 

Average  per  1000  Loads. 

Per  cent 
by  Weight. 

Tons. 

Cwts. 

Qrs. 

Lbs. 

Breeze  (cinders  and  ashes)  
Fine  dust  
Vegetable,  animal,  and  various  mineral 
matters.  .  .  . 

611 

187 

44 
41 
30 

"s 

7 
5 
4 
4 
3 
2 

3 

1 

3 

1 
18 

6 
11 

5 
12 
11 
15 

0 

0 
0 

3 
1 

1 

2 
2 

0 
1 

2 
3 
0 

4 

8 

20 
20 
6 

14 
22 

0 
1 
2 
16 
20 

63.69 
19.51 

4.61 

4.28 
3.22 
0.96 
0.84 
0.97 
0.55 
0.48 
0.47 
0.39 
0.21 

100.00 

Waste  paper  

Straw  and  fibrous  material  
Bottles  (5000). 

Coal  and  coke.  .  . 

Tins     . 

Crockery  . 

Bones  . 

Broken  glass.  ... 

Rags.  .  . 

Iron.  .  . 

"  The  amounts  per  capita  per  annum  in  the  United  States 
may  be  roughly  stated  to  range  as  follows: 


Ashes 300  to  1200  Ibs. 

Garbage 100  to    180  Ibs. 

Rubbish.  .  50  to    100  Ibs.' 


There  have  been  a  number  of  attempts  to  derive  valuable 
fertilizer  from  the  ashes  produced  by  cremating  garbage;  but 
these  ashes  do  not,  as  a  rule,  contain  sufficient  value  to  pay 
for  so  using  them,  at  least  in  most  localities. 

Col.  Morse  gave  the  following  analysis  of  ashes  from  the 
Thackeray  Incinerator  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.: 


24  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

Ashes  Clinker 

PerCent.  Per  Cent. 

Unconsumed  carbonaceous  matter 1 . 82  6.74 

Silicon  dioxide 51.91  45.54 

Iron  sulphide 2 . 73  0 . 75 

Copper  sulphide 0 . 80  trace 

Lead  sulphide 0.48  trace 

Phosphoric  acid 0.81  2.52 

Aluminum  oxide 1 . 430  12.71 

Iron  oxide 1 . 00  1 . 92 

Calcium  oxide 15.45  19.59 

Magnesium  oxide 1 . 89  1 . 26 

Potassium  oxide 0 . 82  1 . 46 

Sodium  oxide 1.73  0.83 

Sulphur  oxide 1 . 64  4.10 

Carbon  dioxide 3.94  2.34 

Loss  and  undetermined 0. 62  0.24 

Total 100.00  100.00 

The  American  Public  Health  Association  defines  the  vari- 
ous classes  of  municipal  wastes  as  follows: 


ORGANIC. 

Garbage The  rejected  food  wastes. 

Night-soil The  contents  of  vaults  and  cesspools. 

Sewage Water-conveyed  excreta. 

Offal The  refuse  from  slaughter-houses  and  ani- 
mal substances  only. 

INORGANIC. 

Ashes Household,  steam,  and  factory. 

Refuse Combustible  articles  from  all  sources;  also 

glass,  iron,  crockery,  house-sweepings, 
and  generally  everything  from  the  house 
not  included  in  garbage  and  ashes. 

Street-sweepings.  ..  .Compounded  of  organic  and  inorganic  sub- 
stances. 


WASTE  MATERIALS  AND  SYSTEMS  OF  COLLECTION.     25 

The  location  of  the  disposal  plant  has  a  most  important 
bearing  upon  the  cost  of  collection.  If  that  plant  be  located 
near  to  the  center  of  the  collection  district,  the  haul  to  it  will 
be  shortest.  The  cost  of  delivery  of  garbage  or  refuse  to  the 
disposal  plant  is  made  up  of  the  cost  of  collecting  and  the 
cost  of  hauling  after  the  collecting  wagon  has  been  filled.  The 
cost  of  collecting  does  not  depend  upon  the  location  of  the 
disposal  plant,  but  the  cost  of  hauling  does. 

For  instance,  assume  that  collecting  and  hauling  are  done 
with  carts  that  hold  a  ton,  and  that  the  cost  of  haul  and  return 
of  cart  is  25  cents  per  mile.  If  the  dump  for  ashes  is  two 
miles  distant  from  the  center  of  the  collection  district,  the 
cost  of  hauling  to  a  crematory  located  at  the  dump  will  be 
50  cents  per  ton  more  than  the  cost  of  hauling  to  a  crematory 
located  in  the  center  of  the  district.  As  garbage  and  light 
refuse  produce  ashes  of  less  than  10%  of  the  original  weight 
burned,  and  this  ashes  must  be  hauled  to  the  dump,  the  net 
saving,  by  locating  the  crematory  in  the  center  of  the  district, 
will  be  45  cents  per  ton. 

Where,  in  large  cities,  collection  districts  may  be  provided 
with  depots  at  which  the  various  wastes  are  received,  and 
whence  they  may  be  transported  by  rail  or  by  water  to  con- 
veniently located  incinerating  plants,  or  utilization  stations, 
the  advantage  of  having  the  destructors  placed  in  the  cen- 
ters of  the  districts  is  replaced  by  the  advantage  of  the  depots; 
and  as  the  cost  of  such  short  haul  by  rail  from  one  part  of 
the  city  to  another  is  practically  independent  of  the  distance, 
the  disposal  plant  may  be  large  enough  to  provide  for  all  the 
wastes,  and  may  be  located  wherever  desired. 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  PROBLEM  OF  BURNING  REFUSE  WITHOUT    OFFENSE. 

To  trace  the  development  in  this  country  of  the  garbage 
crematory  is  not  as  simple  a  task  as  might  at  first  appear  to 
one  unacquainted  with  the  difficulties  of  burning  garbage  and 
wastes  without  offense  and  without  undue  expense,  or  to  one 
not  conversant  with  the  vast  amount  of  labor  that  has  been 
put  into  devising  garbage  furnaces.  Therefore,  this  presen- 
tation will  begin  with  a  statement  of  the  conditions  to  be  filled 
by  a  furnace  in  order  that  it  may  do  the  work  ideally— con- 
ditions not  all  fulfilled  by  any  practicable  furnace,  but  which 
we  should  strive  to  meet  as  nearly  as  possible. 

It  is  well  known  to  all  steam  engineers  that  to  burn  any 
solid  fuel  properly  there  must  be  a  relation  between  the  size 
of  the  openings  through  the  grates  upon  which  the  burning 
is  conducted  and  the  size  and  hardness  of  the  lumps  of  fuel; 
also  that  there  is  a  relation  between  the  depth  of  the  fuel  on 
the  grate  and  the  economy  of  combustion;  also  that  there 
is  a  relation  between  the  kind  of  fuel,  the  depth  of  fuel  on  the 
grate,  and  the  draft  required  at  the  grate  to  secure  most  com- 
plete combustion  at  the  highest  temperature.  Therefore, 
when  a  boiler  and  grate,  with  settings,  is  to  be  designed  to 
secure  the  most  economical  results,  it  is  necessary  to  know 
first,  the  character  of  the  fuel,  and  the  draft  available  at  the 
grate. 

26 


PROBLEM  OF  BURNING  REFUSE   WITHOUT  OFFENSE.     27 


CROSS  SECTION 
FIG.  2.— Method  of  operating  Crematory.     (From  an  old  catalogue.) 


PROBLEM  OF  BURNING  REFUSE  WITHOUT  OFFENSE.   29 

If,  however,  the  problem  is  to  burn  gaseous  fuel  or  vapor 
of  any  character,  the  problem  of  securing  complete  combus- 
tion at  the  highest  possible  temperature  is  to  admit  and  to 
mix  with  the  gas  just  enough  air  to  secure  its  thorough  com- 
bustion, and  no  more.  If  less  is  introduced  there  is  a  foul- 
smelling  or  smoking  vapor  ejected  from  the  chimney;  if  more, 
the  gases  are  reduced  in  temperature,  and  cannot  give  up  as 
much  heat  for  raising  steam  in  the  boilers. 

In  a  crematory  we  have  both  of  these  conditions  to  be 
met  in  an  extreme  form.  Kitchen  garbage  is  not  in  a  condition 
to  burn  on  a  grate  at  all  when  first  brought  to  the  crema- 
tory, unless  mixed  with  a  large  portion  of  dry  combustible 
matter,  such  as  cinders  or  refuse.  Therefore,  it  must  usually 
be  given  some  preliminary  drying;  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
it  contains  a  large  amount  of  volatile  matter  which  is  distilled 
off  by  either  drying  or  burning,  and  will  cause  the  chimney 
gases  to  be  unspeakably  offensive,  unless  they  are  heated  in 
the  presence  of  an  excess  of  air  to  a  very  high  temperature 
subsequent  to  their  generation. 

If  the  crematory  is  to  burn  garbage  only,  unmixed  with 
combustible  refuse  or  ashes,  provision  must  be  made  for 
preliminary  drying;  but  if  a  mixture  is  to  be  burned,  the 
question  of  whether  preliminary  drying  is  necessary,  or  advis- 
able, depends  primarily  upon  the  proportion  of  various  mate- 
rials contained  in  the  refuse.  In  burning  such  mixtures,  com- 
mon American  practice  coffers  from  British  practice;  but  in 
America  we  much  more  frequently  find  the  garbage  alone 
to  be  consumed  in  the  crematory,  which,  if  we  judge  from 
English  statements  on  the  subject,  does  not  appear  to  be  done 
at  all  in  Great  Britain. 

Let  us  now  consider  the  ideal  requirements  of  a  crematory 
to  burn  kitchen  garbage  inoffensively,  at  least  expense,  leaving 


30  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

out  of  consideration  the  utilization  of  the  heat  produced. 
Kitchen  garbage  is  (or  should  be)  collected  in  water-tight  cans 
or  water-tight  wagons.  Frequently  it  is  brought  to  the  cre- 
matory floating  in  its  own  liquids.  The  treatment  must  be 
able  to  accomplish  the  following  things: 

1.  To  drain  off  and  dispose  of  the  free  water,  either  into 
a  sewer  or  into  a  part  of  the  furnace  where  it  may  be  evap- 
orated without  offense. 

2.  To  evaporate  the  water  absorbed  in  the  drained  garbage, 
.and  in  chemical  combination  therewith,  so  as  to  render  the 
hydrocarbons  of  the  garbage  capable  of  being  burned. 

3.  To  completely  oxidize  all  substances  capable  thereof. 

4.  To  raise  all  products  of  distillation,  including  the  evap- 
orated water,  and  all  air  introduced  in  the  process  of  feeding 
and  stoking,  to  a  temperature  sufficient  to  prevent  odors  in 
the  chimney  gases.     This  temperature  is  theoretically  not  less 
than  1200°  F.,  and  should  be  higher  in  practice. 

Besides  these  requirements,  the  cost  of  operation  must  be 
considered.  To  keep  this  a  minimum,  we  must  provide  as 
follows : 

5.  Keep  the  first  cost  as  low  as  possible. 

6.  Select   a   design   that   will   require   the   least   repairs. 

7.  Select  a  crematory  that  will  not  require  excessive  labor 
for  its  operation. 

8.  Select  a  design  that  will  be  economical  in  the  use  of  fuel. 
Items  6,  7,  and  8  are  of  far  more  importance  than  Item 

5,  as  the  yearly  operating  expenses  and  maintenance  might 
readily  exceed  the  first  cost  in  a  poorly  designed  furnace. 

There  are  a  number  of  furnaces  that  will  accomplish  the 
purposes  1,  2,  3,  and  4,  if  cost  is  not  especially  regarded;  and 
it  is  quite  possible  for  any  good  steam  engineer  with  experi- 
ence in  boiler-settings,  or  in  the  construction  of  kilns,  to  design 


PROBLEM  OF  BURNING  REFUSE   WITHOUT  OFFENSE.   31 

a  crematory  that  will  be  effective  without  infringing  any  of 
the  numerous  patents  in  the  field,  provided  that  he  informs 
himself  as  to  avoid  patented  features;  but  he  would  be  put 
to  considerable  trouble  to  devise  a  furnace  that  would  also 
be  economical  and  reasonable  in  first  cost,  and  avoid  all  infringe- 
ments of  existing  patent  rights. 

In  considering  the  principles  involved  in  constructing  a 
garbage-  or  refuse- furnace  the  character  of  the  materials  to  be 
handled,  and  the  conditions  imposed  by  the  collection  system 
adopted,  cannot  be  ignored.  If  the  material  to  be  destroyed 
contains  a  large  proportion  of  combustible  material,  and  not 
more  than  30%  of  moisture,  it  may  be  stored  in  the  crematory 
building  as  received  from  the  collecting  wagons,  and  fed  into 
the  furnaces  as  desired,  as  any  other  fuel  would  be  fed.  If 
the  combustible  part  is  a  sufficiently  high  percentage  at  all 
times  to  burn  with  proper  supply  of  air,  and  produce  a  tem- 
perature of  2000°  or  more  in  the  combustion-chamber  without 
the  addition  of  other  fuel,  no  other  fuel  will  be  required  to 
prevent  odors,  especially  if  the  furnace  operates  continually, 
day  and  night.  If  the  furnace  operates  intermittently,  as  dur- 
ing the  day  only,  a  fuel-fire  must  be  built  to  start  the  furnace 
each  day,  to  prevent  odors  at  starting.  For  a  furnace  burn- 
ing garbage  of  this  character  a  forced  draft  is  highly  desirable, 
because  of  the  depth  of  material  in  the  bed  of  fire  on  the  grate, 
its  tendency  to  become  clogged,  and  the  necessity  of  having 
stoke-doors  open  a  considerable  part  of  the  time. 

But  wherever  the  refuse  material  contains  40%  or  more 
of  moisture  (generally  where  less)  preliminary  drying  must 
take  place  before  actual  burning;  and  the  gases  from  pre- 
liminary drying  are,  in  all  cases,  very  highly  offensive.  They 
must  be  reheated  by  some  effective  means,  in  the  presence  of 
a  sufficient  quantity  of  air,  to  the  temperature  of  ignition  of 


32  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

hydrocarbons — not  less  the  1200°  F.  and  preferably  much 
higher.  This  reheating  may  be  accomplished  in  several  ways, 
some  of  which  are  patented,  while  others  are  not.  Most  Ameri- 
can furnaces  provide  for  this  purpose  a  separate  fuel- fire  over 
which  the  gases  of  distillation  or  drying  must  pass.  This 
should  always  be  followed  by  a  combustion- chamber  of  ample 
capacity  to  effect  complete  mixing  and  burning  of  the  vapors. 

American  crematories  differ  much  in  the  degree  to  which 
the  fuel  value  of  the  garbage  is  made  use  of,  and  the  conse- 
quent economy  in  fuel.  In  the  following  chapter  will  be  given 
a  complete  review  of  the  principles  upon  which  crematories 
are  built  in  America,  with  a  corresponding  classification  of 
patents  issued  in  the  United  States,  bearing  upon  crematory 
construction. 

The  burning  of  refuse  need  not  be  complicated  by  a  con- 
sideration of  the  utilization  of  the  waste  heat  for  steam  pro- 
duction, for  it  is  obvious  that  if  the  combustion  is  complete, 
and  the  fuel  temperature  of  the  waste  gases  is  never  lower 
than  1200°  F.,  some  heat  is  always  available  for  steam  raising. 
Whether  it  will  pay  to  use  it  for  that  purpose  will  be  considered 
elsewhere  in  this  work.  1200°  is  stated  as  a  minimum  tem- 
perature to  which  gases  must  be  raised  in  the  presence  of  an 
excess  of  air.  It  must  not  be  assumed  by  the  engineer  that 
it  is  safe  to  design  with  the  purpose  of  reaching  this  tempera- 
ture only.  The  gases  in  any  furnace  are  at  all  points  differ- 
ently mixed;  and  unless  the  average  temperature  in  the  fur- 
nace gases  is  considerably  above  1200°  F.,  odors  will  be  dis- 
charged from  the  stack,  owing  to  incomplete  combustion  in 
portions  of  the  furnace,  even  when  the  average  temperature 
is  above  that  of  ignition. 


PROBLEM  OF  BURNING  REFUSE  WITHOUT    OFFENSE.    35 


FIG.  4. — I.  O.  Smith  Refuse  Burner. 


PROBLEM  OF  BURNING  REFUSE   WITHOUT    OFFENSE.    37 


1 


r 


17 


16 


15 


_J_, 


,!,....,.!,.      ...    L™-  -r-X---!  .    ../i   .  yj-— X-  ,  .  .3  .  ..  .  i- 

nTTnlTr  i  -j.jj  1 1 j  mM^ 


11 


•J'J 


FIG.  5. — Hall  Rubbish  Crematory. 


THF 

IVERSlTY 

OF 


°r  THF 

•'VERSITY 

OF 


CHAPTER   IV. 

THE  PRINCIPLES   OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN. 

WE  will  first,  for  convenience,  classify  crematories  with 
reference  to  the  amount  of  provision  made  in  them  for  dry- 
ing garbage  before  burning  it.  In  Class  1  there  is  no  pre- 
liminary drying;  in  Class  2  but  slight  preliminary  drying;  in 
Class  3  the  preliminary  drying  is  the  main  object  of  the  fur- 
nace. Classes  4  and  5  endeavor  to  combine  the  drying  advan- 
tages of  Class  3  with  more  efficient  devices  for  using  the  heat 
of  burning  garbage  previously  dried.  We  proceed  to  a  more 
specific  definition  and  description  of  each  class. 

Class  i.  Crematories  in  which   Refuse   is  Burned  on  a  Grate 
without  any  Preliminary  Drying. 

Furnaces  of  this  class  are  adapted  for  burning  waste-paper^ 
boxes,  house-sweepings,  or  other  combustible  wastes,  without 
the  use  of  auxiliary  fuel-fire.  All  the  essential  features  of  a 
furnace  of  this  class  are  shown  in  Fig.  4,  which  is  taken 
from  the  drawings  of  patent  No.  99,793,  dated  Feb.  15,  1870 
to  I.  0.  Smith. 

These  elements  are  a  large  up-draft  grate,  a  combustion- 
chamber  of  ample  size  to  receive  and  to  burn  the  refuse,  with 
an  outlet  to  the  stack  from  near  the  bottom  of  the  combustion- 
chamber. 

A  patent   drawing   showing   all   of   the   elements   usually 

39 


40  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES 

employed  in  furnaces  of  this  class,  with  some  others,  is  that 
of  No.  655,975,  here  shown  in  Fig.  5.  In  this  furnace 
the  rubbish  is  pushed  through  the  opening  25,  and  falls  upon 
the  grates  4.  The  combustion-chamber  1  is  large,  to  per- 
mit the  gases  to  mingle  thoroughly;  the  outlet  from  it,  10,  at 
the  bottom.  The  vertical  passages,  12  and  15,  are  to  secure 
further  mixing  before  the  gases  pass  into  the  chimney. 

Any  capable  engineer  may  design  a  furnace  of  this  class 
without  infringing  upon  unexpired  patents,  but  to  do  so  he 
must  be  familiar  with  the  combinations  patented  by  others. 
Patents  in  this  class  are  as  follows: 

(6600  reissue)  99,793  I.  0.  Smith. 
116,829  George  Goodsell  et  al. 
371,203  W.  Mann. 
655,975  J.  Hall. 

762.344  H.  E.  Parson. 

762.345  H.  E.  Parson. 

There  are  many  other  patents  that  might  fall  within  this 
class,  but  are  particularly  applicable  to  burners  for  sawmill 
refuse.  These  have  been  omitted  as  not  bearing  directly  upon 
the  subject  of  this  volume. 

Class  2.    Crematories   in  which  Refuse  is  Burned  on  a  Grate, 

with  but  little  Preliminary  Drying  on  an  Adjoining 

Hearth. 

This  class  includes  the  so-called  "  British  types  "  of  refuse 
destructors,  or  crematories.  They  occupy  an  intermediate 
position  between  the  furnaces  of  Class  1  and  those  of  Class  3, 
hereafter  described. 

In  Great  Britain  the  garbage,  refuse,  and  ashes  are  usually 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY    DESIGN 


41 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY    DESIGN.  43 


FIG.  7. — Wright  Incinerating  Furnace. 


UNIVERSITY   I 

OF 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN.  45 

collected  together,  and  this  mixed  refuse  burned  in  a  crematory 
on  an  up-draft  grate,  with  or  without  auxiliary  fires  to  con- 
sume odors.  The  prime  condition  necessary  for  doing  this 
satisfactorily  is  to  maintain  a  fire  with  a  deep  bed  of  burning 
material,  so  that  moist  material  fed  on  the  fire  from  above 
will  not  smother  the  fire.  This  involves  the  employment  of 
a  very  strong  draft,  preferably  a  forced  draft  applied  below 
the  burning  grates. 

Furnaces  of  this  kind  are  almost  always  provided  with  a 
boiler  plant  to  generate  steam  to  utilize  the  heat  in  the  gases 
of  combustion,  the  steam  being  necessary  to  produce  the  forced 
draft.  The  surplus  steam  may  be  used  for  power  purposes; 
but  the  quantity  of  power  that  can  be  generated  from  a- given 
amount  of  refuse,  under  most  favorable  circumstances,  is 
not  a  matter  upon  which  agreement  has  been  reached  by  those 
most  familiar  with  the  problem  of  refuse  cremation. 

In  spite  of  the  claims  of  English  furnace-builders  and  their 
representatives,  and  in  spite  of  the  often-repeated  expressions ; 
of  opinion  by  writers  on  this  subject,  the  prevailing  opinion 
in  America  is  that  to  reburn  household  ashes  in  a  crematory 
to  raise  steam  does  not  pay,  but  that  it  is  better  ,to  haul  such 
materials  direct  to  the  dump,  and  to  burn  only  the  garbage 
and  litter.  A  discussion  of  this  matter  is  given  in  another 
chapter. 

As  illustrations  of  this  class  of  furnace,  Fig.  6  is  taken 
from  patent  No.  763,562  to  W.  Horsfall,  and  Fig.  7  from 
patent  575,088  to  W.  B.  Wright.  These  diagrams  show  cross- 
sections  through  pairs  of  cells,  there  usually  being  several 
pairs  of  cells  connected  to  one  flue  leading  to  the  boiler. 

The  Horsfall  patent  is  but  one  of  several  granted  to  a  well- 
known  English  firm.  In  the  one  selected  here  the  refuse  is 
dumped  into  the  cells  from  above  through  feed-holes,  each 


46  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES, 

of  which  communicates  with  two  cells  of  the  pair.  It  falls 
upon  a  hearth,  whence  it  is  raked  forward  upon  the  burning 
grates,  designated  by  the  letter  K.  The  combustion  is  per- 
fected in  the  long  flues  /  and  J,  whence  the  gases  pass  to  the 
boiler  plant. 

Patents  covering  crematories  of  this  class  are  as  follows: 

63,558  (1887)  J.  E.  Stafford  et  al.  (Br.). 

372,172  J.  Richmond  et  al.  (Br.). 

429,626  W.  Horsfall  (Br.). 

464,171,  E.  W.  Cracknell. 

492,987  E.  C.  Morse  (U.  S.). 

543,134  W.  J.  Hull. 

553,574  C.  Thackeray  (Canada). 

574,774  S.  J.  Beaman  and  J.  Deas  (Br.). 

575,088  W.  B.  Wright  (U.  S.). 

615,400  J.  J.  and  T.  F.  Meldrum  (Br.). 

658,695  J.  T.  Wood  and  J.  A.  Brodie  (Br.). 

661,463  J.  Wilkie  (Br.). 

664,039  W.  J.  Glen  (Br.). 

664,980  C.  Thackeray  (Can.). 

672,242  J.  C.  H.  Stut. 

763,562  W.  Horsfall  (Br.). 

"Br."  indicates  that  the  patentee  is  British,  "Am."  Ameri- 
can, and  "Can."  Canadian.  Those  contemplating  the  design 
of  plants  to  burn  mixed  refuse  for  the  purpose  of  generating 
steam  should  be  familiar  with  the  details  of  structure,  and 
the  claims  allowed,  in  all  of  the  foregoing  patents.  Steam- 
generating  plants  are  also  found  under  other  classes. 

The  Thackeray  furnace  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  33,  and 
described  in  Chapter  VI;  the  Wright  furnace  is  described  in 
Chapter  VI;  the  Meldrurn  furnace  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  43, 
and  described  in  Chapter  VII. 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF    CREMATORY   DESIGN. 


47 


OF  THF 

i^'IVERSITY 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN.  49 

.  a 


THE  PRINCIPLES   OF    CREMATORY    DESIGN. 


51 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY    DESIGN. 


53 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN.  55 

Class  3.    Furnaces  in  which  Garbage  is  Burned  on  a  Hearth  or 

Grate  by  Subjecting  it  to  Intense  Heat  from  Fuel-fires 

on   other  Grates. 

Furnaces  of  this  class  have  sometimes  been  called  the 
"American  type,"  because  they  have  been  used  more  exten- 
sively in  this  country  than  other  types.  This  is  undoubtedly 
due,  in  a  large  measure,  to  the  American  practice  of  collecting 
kitchen  garbage,  or  "swill,"  separately,  and  burning  it,  unmixed 
with  other  wastes,  in  a  garbage  crematory.  Such  material 
cannot  be  burned  at  all  in  furnaces  of  Class  1,  or  in  furnaces 
of  Class  2,  unless  mixed  with  a  large  portion  of  other  material 

The  essential  elements  of  crematories  of  this  type  are  a 
large  hearth,  grate,  or  platform  upon  which  the  garbage  is 
received  and  "incinerated,"  or  reduced,  by  the  flames  of  a 
fuel-fire  producing  the  heat  necessary  to  reduce  the  garbage, 
while  a  second  fuel-fire  to  raises  the  gases  to  a  high  temperature 
after  they  have  passed  over  the  garbage  before  they  are 
discharged  into  the  atmosphere.  These  elements  are  all  sold  and 
unpatentable,  but  there  are  man  patents  covering  various 
methods  by  which  they  can  be  combined  with  others. 

For  illustration  Figs.  8,  9,  10,  11,  and  12  are   taken   from 

the   drawings   of   patents,   as  follows:     8   from    No.    372,305 

to  A.  Engel;  9  from  No.  468,851  to  G.  H.  Warner,   10  from 

No.  773,920    to    B.    Boulger;  11  from  No.    789,329   to  E.  J. 

Little  and  D.  C.  Shaw,  and  12  from  No.  530,623  to  J.  E.  McKay. 

The  Engel,  the  Boulger,  and  the  McKay  furnaces  are 
described  in  Chapter  VI,  as  products  of  American  builders. 
Little  and  Shaw's  patent  is  owned  by  the  Dixon  Company,  and 
described  as  their  product  in  Chapter  VI.  Other  furnaces 
of  this  type  are  illustrated  in  Figs.  32  (Brownlee),  36 
(Stringfellow),  and  12  (Walker). 


56  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

The  fuel  economy  of  these  furnaces,  and  the  heat  recover- 
able by  a  boiler  plant  in  connection  with  the  crematory,  are 
discussed  in  another  connection. 

Patents  for  crematories  of  this  class  are    as  follows: 

372,305  A.  Engle. 
408,559  H.  W.  Whiting. 
411,963  B.  C.  Heavey. 
413,832  A.  Patrick. 
448,115  A.  Brownlee. 
461,327  S.  W.  Dixon. 

468.851  G.  H.  Warner. 

468.852  G.  H.  Warner. 
490,582  Wm.  McClave. 
496,046  D.  F.  Donegan. 
501,181  S.  H.  Brown. 
501,458  N.  Bowling. 

503,845  W.  H.  Garretson  and  S.  B.  Tainter. 

505,656  B.  C.  Heavey. 

517,301  W.  Risley. 

517,816  S.  W.  Dixon. 

530,623  J.  E.  McKay. 

532,971  T.  A.  Knapp. 

533,448  N.  Bowling. 

535,292  Be  Haven  Lance. 

537,181  B.  Boulger. 

537,339  A.  Brownlee. 

537,801  S.  H.  Brown. 

583,663  U.  K.  Stringfellow. 

584,434  R.  L.  Walker. 

644,966  S.  H.  Brown. 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY   DESIGN.  57 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY   DESIGN. 

S  S.  -      5! 


59 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY   DESIGN.  61 

667,445  E.  J.  Little  et  al. 
674,319  W.  Risley. 
709,946  R.  L.  Walker. 
724,898  E.  J.  Little    et  al. 

766.848  F.  P.  Smith. 

766.849  F.  P.  Smith. 
773,920  B.  Boulger. 
776,605  J.  Lindsay  et  al. 
789,329  E.  J.  Little  et  al. 

Class  4.    Crematories    in  which    Garbage  is  First  Extensively 

Dried  on  a  Hearth  or  Grate,  and  then  Stoked  to  Another 

Grate  to  be  Burned  as  Fuel. 

Furnaces  of  this  kind  combine,  or  attempt  to  combine,  the 
principles  of  Class  3  with  those  of  Classes  1  and  2,  the  object 
being  to  make  the  burning  garbage  produce  heat  to  dry  other 
garbage,  and  to  prepare  it  for  burning. 

For  illustration,  Fig.  13  is  taken  from  patent  No. 
749,269  to  F.  L.  Decarie,  and  Fig.  14  from  patent  No. 
783,476  to  F.  P.  Smith.  The  fuel  economy  of  such  furnaces 
is  discussed  elsewhere. 

Patents  for  crematories  in  this  class  are  as  follows: 

462,035  M.  L.  Davis. 

523,699  J.  B.  Wayt. 

596,421  (reissue  12,059)  F.  L.  Decarie. 

658,658  J.  F.  Lester  and  L.  A.  Dean. 

675,884  L.  A.  Dean. 

749,269  F.  L.  Decarie. 

757,149  H.  B.  Smith. 

772,681  F.  L.  Stearns. 

783,475  F.  P.  Smith. 


62  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

783,476  F.  P.  Smith. 
800,177  F.  P.  Smith. 
803,650  F.  G.  Wiselogel. 

Other  figures  showing  furnaces  of  this  class  are  Figs. 
30  (Davis),  39  (H.  B.  Smith),  40  (F.  L.  Stearns),  and  41 
(Weislogel).  These  furnaces,  as  well  as  tho  seof  Smith  and 
Decarie,  are  described  in  Chapter  VI. 

Class   5.    Crematories    in    which    Gases    of    Combustion    from 

Burning  Garbage  in  One  Cell  are  Passed  Through  Other 

Cells  to  Dry  Garbage  Therein. 

This  class  usually  requires  some  arrangement  of  dampers 
for  changing  the  path  of  the  fires  from  the  burning  grates  to 
the  stack.  Fig.  15  from  patent  No.  584,434  to  R.  L. 
Walker  illustrates  the  principle  in  simple  form. 

Patents  for  crematories  in  this  class  are  as  follows: 

535,292  De  Haven  Lance. 
584,434  R.  L.  Walker. 
709,946  R.  L.  Walker. 

766.848  F.  P.  Smith. 

766.849  F.  P.  Smith. 
783,476  F.  P.  Smith. 

The  above  are  also  arranged  in  the  other  classes. 

Miscellaneous  Crematory  Patents  of  interest  to  those  engaged 
in  the  business  of  crematory  design  and  construction,  or  desir- 
ous of  looking  thoroughly  into  what  has  been  proposed  or 
attempted  in  crematory  design,  are  given  in  the  following  list. 
These  apply  to  devices  not  falling  readily  into  any  of  the  classes 
given  in  this  paper.  A  number  of  them  are  for  crematories 
provided  with  rotary  dryers;  many  for  crematories  employing 
conveyors  for  garbage  and  ashes;  some  of  them  apply  to  reduc- 


THE  PRINCIPLES    OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN.  63 


FIG.  14.— F.  P.  Smith  Garbage  Furnace. 


THE    PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY   DESIGN. 


65 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN  67 

tion  plants  only,  and  some  to  devices  used  in  connection  with 
crematories,  such  as  hoppers  and  grates.  There  are  many 
other  patents  of  interest  to  crematory  builders,  not  classified 
with  crematories  by  the  patent  office. 

195,495  E.  B.  English  and  W.  H.  Burr. 

211,505  Henry  R.  Foote. 

215,957  W.  J.  Morris. 

338,124  A.  K.  Brown. 

352,857  P.  C.  Close. 

357,108  E.  G.  Teed. 

370,223  M.  Vincent. 

371,842  J.  Hewes. 

379,189  J.  Vladyke  and  W.  M.  Mitchell. 

390,922  A.  Vivarttas,  J.  K.  Caldwell,  and  H.  D.  Hughes. 

391,614  J.  Hoskin. 

398,671  E.  G.  Teed. 

409,022  R.  De  SoldenhofT. 

446,340  W.  L.  Fuller. 

462,891  T.  W.  Carrico. 

474,933  John  Wilson. 

481,147  John  H.  Parke. 

484,774  F.  Cain. 

488,169  J.  C.  Kessler. 

501.760  C.  J.  Best  and  W.  A.  Hall. 

501.761  C.  J.  Best  and  W.  A.  Hall. 
503,073  T.  W.  Carrico. 

508,511  A.  Engle  and  S.  C.  Thompson. 

516,706  W.  S.  Johnson. 

517,288  J.  E.  McKay  and  A.  G.  Delanoy. 

520,105  J.  F.  Chazotte. 

522,331  G.  S.  Strong. 


68  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

523,478  T.  P.  Mahon. 

524.687  E.  S.  Ransome. 

524.688  E.  S.  Ransome. 

526.283  J.  C.  Anderson. 

526.284  J.  C.  Anderson. 
526,516  T.  M.  Clark. 
529,236  C.  A.  Ball. 
539,096  J.  J.  Storer. 
539,245  J.  C.  Anderson. 
539,771  D.  E.  Healy. 
546,438  W.  Swindell. 
546,497  M.  V.  Smith. 
548,254  W.  Horsfall. 
551,342  C.  A.  Wentworth. 

551.849  R.  A.  Chesebrough. 

551.850  R.  A.  Chesebrough. 
554,453  I.  S.  McGeihan. 
556,420  W.  L.  Johnson. 
562,845  I.  S.  McGeihan. 
573,605  C.  W.  Lent. 
575,981  W.  G.  Parr. 

577,184  E.  De  La  Chapelle  and  J.  Pearce. 

580,078  Chas.  Asbury. 

581,016  W.  S.  Richardson. 

585,597  R.  C.  Sayer. 

588,998  J.  J.  Kennedy. 

600,855  J.  F.  De  Bonardi  and  A.  D.  F.  De  Villepigue. 

606,254  F.  E.  Swift. 

607,553  I.  D.  Smead. 

617,254  J.  H.  Mitchell,  H.G.Downton,  and  W.  H.  Nicholls. 

631,457  F.  W.  Dennis. 

633,299  Carl  Weginer. 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN. 

633.300  Carl  Weginer. 

633.301  Carl  Weginer. 

639,649  J.  A.  and  W.  K.  Baker. 

644,504  S.  W.  Dixon. 

645,131  J.  T.  Robbins. 

645,349  J.  Conley. 

647,432  C.  T.  Whedon. 

667,013  W.  S.  Hull. 

667,015  W.  S.  Hull. 

669,054  Jas.  L.  White. 

669,632  F.  Gorman. 

688,090  W.  S.  Hull. 

688,947  J.  L.  Bell  and  J.  T.  Subers. 

674,992  H.  S.  Woolley. 

691,328  I.  D.  Smead. 

699,635  R.  Robinson. 

719,545  C.  A.  Williams. 

723,959  W.  M.  Wheildon. 

731,032  F.  A.  Forsyth. 

747,488  T.  Rooke  and  J.  Thrush. 

750,457  F.  E.  Haycock  and  J.  McDermott. 

755,622  E.  E.  Hill. 

769,872  H.  Ochwat. 

783,473  F.  P.  Smith. 

806,127  F.  W.  Field. 


69 


Fig.  29  is  reproduced  from  one  of  the  sheets  of  the 
drawings  of  patent  No.  390,922  to  A.  Vivarttas.  It  is  given 
to  show  the  complexity  of  some  of  the  designs  attempting 
heat-regenerative  construction — an  attempt  made  in  several 
of  the  miscellaneous  patents  listed.  Fig.  34  illustrates 
patent  No.  554,453  to  L  S.  McGiehan— a  rotary  dryer  arrange- 


70  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

ment,  which  will  be  found  also  in  patents  Nos.  215,957  and 
539,096.  Fig.  35  illustrates  the  arrangement  adopted  by 
De  La  Chapelle  and  Pearce.  Fig.  37  illustrates  Smead's 
rotary  grate-furnace,  patent  No.  607,553.  Similar  arrange- 
ments are  found  in  Nos.  545,975;  548,254,  575,981,  and 
669,632. 

These  diagrams  are  all  found  in  connection  with  descrip- 
tions of  particular  installations  in  Chapter  VI. 

There  have  also  been  issued  about  a  dozen  patents  for 
portable  or  traveling  crematories,  intended  to  burn  garbage 
as  it  is  collected.  These  can  be  made  to  burn  garbage,  but 
the  quantities  that  can  be  handled  are  too  small  for  any 
machine  of  a  size  that  can  be  transported  on  ordinary  streets 
to  make  the  plan  economical,  if  sufficient  ingenuity  be  exerted 
to  make  it  practicable;  and  such  machines  are  not  likely  to 
ever  come  into  permanent  service. 

Crematories  of  Classes  3  and  4  are  of  the  most  interest 
to  the  American  public  at  the  present  time,  because  in  America 
the  separate  collection  system  has  become  established,  and 
its  superiority  from  both  sanitary  and  economical  points  of 
view  recognized;  and  crematories  of  these  classes  are  prac- 
tically the  only  ones  that  will  burn  kitchen  garbage  alone, 
without  producing  offensive  odors,  though  some  British  furnaces 
of  Class  2,  such  as  shown  in  patents  Nos.  372,172,  615,400, 
and  763,562,  may  almost  be  assigned  to  Class  4  also.  But 
the  arrangements  of  these  are  not  as  effective  for  drying  pur- 
poses as  in  the  latest  designs  in  Classes  3  and  4. 

One  of  the  most  important  features  in  the  design  of  fur- 
naces in  Classes  3  and  4  is  the  garbage-receiving  hearth  or  grate, 
or  other  supporting  device.  This  is  located  in  the  combustion- 
chamber.  It  is  usually  subjected  to  heat  from  both  above 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN.  71 

and  below,  and  often  to  a  variation  of  temperature  of  from 
freezing  (when  it  receives  frozen  garbage)  to  2500°  F.,  when 
the  garbage  is  in  the  last  stage  of  incineration.  It  is  difficult 
to  secure  any  material  or  design  that  may  be  subjected  to 
this  wide  variation  in  temperature,  as  well  as  to  the  mechani- 
cal strains  incidental  to  charging  and  stoking,  for  any  great 
length  of  time.  There  are  several  methods  of  construction 
of  this  receiving  platform,  or  grate,  that  have  been  found 
practicable,  but  the  relative  merits  of  which  are  among  the 
chief  matters  of  dispute  among  crematory  builders.  These 
methods  fall  into  the  following  groups: 

Group  i.  Solid  Garbage  Grates  of  Cast  Iron. — Such  grates, 
if  cleverly  designed,  answer  fairly  well  when  fire  passes  only 
above  them.  When  fire  passes  both  above  and  beneath,  such 
grates  are  serviceable  only  when  never  subjected  to  a  tem- 
perature above  1000°  F.  (or  less),  which  is  below  that  of  com- 
bustion. Some  cooling  of  grates  may  be  effected  by  garbage 
in  contact  with  them.  The  last  patent  showing  solid  cast- 
iron  grates  was  applied  for  Jan.  17,  1894 — twelve  years  ago. 
All  later  patents  employ  other  construction.  The  patents  show- 
ing solid  cast-iron  grates  in  their  drawings  are: 

462,035  M.  L.  Davis. 

468.851  G.  H.  Warner. 

468.852  G.  H.  Warner. 
501,181  S.  H.  Brown. 

503,845  W.  H.  Garretson  and  S.  B.  Tainter, 
517,816  S.  W.  Dixon. 
530,623  J.  E.  McKay. 
537,801  S.  H.  Brown. 

Group  2.  Solid  Garbage  Grates  of  Fire-clay. — These,  if 
made  of  the  highest  grade  of  fire-clay,  with  the  lowest  pos- 


72  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

sible  coefficient  of  expansion,  will  resist  temperatures  up  to 
3000°  F.,  but  they  are  injured  by  sudden  cooling  and  by  the 
action  of  the  water  when  wet  garbage  is  dumped  upon  them, 
and  they  wear  rapidly  under  the  process  of  stoking.  Patents 
showing  them  in  drawings  are  as  follows: 

411,963  B.  C.  Heavey. 

505,656  B.  C.  Heavey. 

517,816  S.  W.  Dixon. 

523,699  J.  B.  Wayt. 

537,181  B.  Bougler. 

577,184  E.  De  La  Chapelle  et  al. 

644,966  S.  H.  Brown. 

658,658  J.  F.  Lester  and  L.  A.  Dean. 

667,445  Eugene  J.  Little  et  al. 

672,242  J.  C.  H.  Stut. 

683,970  D.  W.  McDado. 

699,635  J.  Robinson. 

724,898  Eugene  J.  Little  et  al. 

773,920  B.  Boulger. 

789,329  E.  J.  Little. 

Group  3.  Garbage  Grates  of  Hollow  Iron  Cooled  by  Water 
Circulating  within,  as  in  a  Steam-boiler. — These  will  resist 
the  action  of  the  heat,  by  generating  steam  within  the  tubes, 
which  necessarily  reduces  the  commercial  efficiency  of  the  fur- 
nace, unless  all  of  the  steam  generated  is  used  for  commercial 
-purposes.  Because  of  the  mechanical  strains  to  which  a  gar- 
bage grate  is  subjected,  it  is  manifestly  unsafe  to  carry  in 
its  tubes  a  high  steam  pressure,  which  limits  the  usefulness 
of  the  steam  generated  in  such  tubes.  Crematories  employing 
water-cooled  garbage  grates  are  shown  in  the  drawings  of 


THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CREMATORY  DESIGN  73 

the  following  patents;  a  number  of  which  are  for  combination 
crematories  and  water- heaters,  intended  for  use  in  hotels  and 
apartment  houses: 

377,651  E.  G.  Teed. 

479,405  A.  G.  Delanoy. 

496,544  W.  D.  Walters. 

517,288  J.  E.  McKay  and  A.  G.  Delanoy. 

537,339  A.  Brownlee. 

749,269  F.  L.  Decarie,  reissue  12,059. 

757,149  H.  B.  Smith. 

583,566  A.  W.  Colwell  et  al. 

583,663  U.  K.  Stringfellow. 

596,421  F.  L.  Decarie,  reissue  12,059. 

639,533  M.  J.  Cragin. 

718,490  J.  Mann. 

763,410  A.  Long. 

766,153  G.  W.  Mathews. 

773,248  M.  J.  Cragin. 

778,954  J.  J.  Dube. 

787,771  F.  C.  Kummerow. 

803,650  F.  G.  Wiselogel. 

805,256  J.  G.  Branch. 

807,219  G.  Thumm. 

Group  4.  Garbage  Grates  of  Hollow  Cast  Iron,  Cooled  by  Air 
Circulated  through  them.  —  These  grates  are  maintained 
at  a  much  higher  temperature  than  those  of  Class  3  (which 
are  at  the  temperature  of  steam  within  them),  but  at  a 
lower  temperature  than  those  of  Class  1.  The  heated  air 
may  be  wasted,  or  used  for  combustion  in  the  furnace.  The 
list  of  patents  for  crematories  employing  garbage-receiving 
grates  of  iron  cooled  by  air  circulating  through  them  is  as 
follows : 


74  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

408,559  H.   W.  Whiting. 

517,301  W.  Risley. 

766.848  F.  P.  Smith. 

766.849  F.  P.  Smith. 
783,473  F.  P.  Smith. 

783.475  F.  P.  Smith. 

783.476  F.  P.  Smith. 
800,117  F.  P.  Smith. 

It  should  be  remarked  that  some  of  the  patents  instanced 
under  these  four  groups  do  not  make  any  claims  as  to  the 
grates  at  all;  others  claim  particular  forms  of  grates;  while 
others  claim  grates  of  certain  kinds  in  combination  with  other 
features  in  the  furnace.  Grates  of  all  four  groups  may  be  used 
by  any  designer,  provided  he  avoids  the  patented  features,  which 
are,  however,  numerous. 

It  seems  strange  that  with  so  many  patents  granted  in 
this  field,  comparatively  few  firms  have  remained  in  the  busi- 
ness of  crematory  construction,  or  perfected  their  apparatus 
to  commercial  form.  This  is  due  in  part  to  the  great  difficulties 
of  designing  a  crematory  that  will  be  effective,  durable,  and 
cheap,  both  to  build  and  to. operate,  and  partly  to  the  many 
unsuccessful  attempts  to  build  crematories  by  parties  not 
competent  to  build  good  ones,  whereby  the  public  has  been 
victimized  and  the  crematory  business  injured.  It  is  prob- 
ably true  that  no  designer  or  engineer  has  made  a  real  success 
of  the  first  garbage  crematory  without  altering  the  original 
design  after  building;  and  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that  no 
firm  now  engaged  in  this  business  builds  crematories  iden- 
tical in  design  with  the  first  ones  built  under  its  patents. 
Most  builders  who  continued  some  time  in  business  have  taken 
out  a  number  of  patents  in  succession. 


FIG.  16. — Crematory  and  Building,  League  Island  Navy  Yard. 
(Morse-Boulger  System.) 

75 


OF 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE  COST   OF   OPERATING   A   CREMATORY. 

THE  total  cost  of  disposing  of  wastes  by  cremation  is  made 
up  of  the  cost  of  collection  and  hauling  to  the  crematory,  the 
cost  of  hauling  ashes  and  clinkers  from  the  crematory  to  the 
dumping-ground,  and  the  cost  of  cremation.  This  last-named 
cost  may  be  separated  into  interest  on  investment,  main- 
tenance and  depreciation,  and  operating  expenses. 

Maintenance  and  depreciation  charges  are  large  in  all 
crematories,  but  they  depend  to  a  great  extent  upon  the  char- 
acter of  the  workmanship  and  the  quality  of  the  materials 
used,  as  well  as  upon  the  design.  A  poorly  constructed  cre- 
matory, even  if  of  meritorious  design,  will  not  last  a  year; 
while  a  well-constructed  one  of  good  design  should  last  ten 
years  or  more,  with  occasional  replacement  of  worn  parts. 
Crematories  of  any  of  the  classes  named  in  this  paper  can  be 
built  to  last  ten  years  or  more,  with  reasonable  renewal  of 
parts. 

Operating  expenses  are  of  the  greatest  importance. 

For  a  crematory  operating  twenty-four  hours  a  day,  every 
day  in  the  year,  they  may  amount  to  50%  or  75%  of  the  first 
cost  per  annum.  Manifestly,  if  the  operating  expenses  can 
be  materially  reduced,  even  at  the  cost  of  rendering  the  main- 
tenance expenses  somewhat  greater,  the  matter  should  be 
considered. 

With  present  prices  of  fuel,  in  large  furnaces,  the  operating 

77 


78  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

expenses  are  in  the  neighborhood  of  50  cents  per  ton  of  kitchen 
garbage  destroyed.  The  maintenance  is  from  nothing  to  $1.00 
per  ton,  according  to  the  design  and  materials  employed,  and 
the  depreciation  is  from  10%  to  50%  per  annum.  In  some 
furnaces  a  less  cost  of  operation  is  claimed,  but  the  claim 
of  each  builder  should  be  subjected  to  a  careful  investigation 
before  being  accepted  as  justifiable;  and  it  is  proposed  to  set 
forth  here  some  of  the  facts  that  limit  the  cost  of  operation 
to  certain  minimum  values,  which  may  be  approached,  but 
never  reached. 

Kitchen  garbage  contains  80%  or  90%  of  water,  including 
that  in  chemical  combination,  and  20%  to  10%  of  combustible 
material,  equal  in  fuel  value  to  about  half  its  weight  of  good 
coal.  It  should  be  equivalent  in  heat-producing  content, 
then,  to  between  5%  and  10%  of  its  weight  in  coal.  One  ton 
of  garbage  should  then  be  capable  of  producing  as  much  heat, 
if  ideally  burned,  as  100  to  200  Ibs.  of  good  coal. 

Now  1  Ib.  of  good  coal  will  evaporate  in  a  steam-boiler 
about  12  Ibs.  of  water.  In  a  crematory,  however,  the  water 
in  the  garbage  must  be  both  evaporated  and  raised  to  a  high 
temperature  to  destroy  odors.  To  do  this  it  requires  more 
heat — about  1  Ib.  of  coal,  or  equivalent,  to  each  8  Ibs.  of  water 
evaporated.  If  a  ton  of  garbage  contains  80%  water,  or 
1600  Ibs.  of  water,  it  would  require  200  Ibs.  of  coal  to  evapor- 
ate the  water  to  a  temperature  that  would  leave  no  bad  smell 
in  the  chimney  gases,  if  the  garbage  contributed  no  heat;  but 
if  all  the  heat  that  could  be  produced  by  ideal  combustion 
of  the  same  garbage  were  used,  no  coal  at  all  would  be  required. 

But  there  are  other  things  that  consume  the  available 
heat  other  than  the  evaporation  of  water — one  of  these  is 
the  radiation  from  the  furnace,  but  the  most  important  is  the 
heating  of  surplus  air  admitted  to  the  furnace,  or  of  water 


THE  COST  OF  OPERATING  A   CREMATORY.  79 

used  to  keep  grates  cool  when  so  employed.  To  keep  the 
air  admitted  from  being  excessive  in  furnaces  of  Classes  3 
and  4,  great  care  must  be  exercised  to  keep  the  stoke-doors 
closed,  and  to  admit  no  more  air  than  is  necessary  for  com- 
bustion. As  garbage  requires  very  much  stoking,  because  it 
contains  such  a  small  percentage  of  combustible  material, 
this  is  a  difficult  matter,  and  the  provision  for  stoking  with- 
out admitting  surplus  air  is  an  element  in  the  design  that 
should  be  carefully  considered  in  making  selection  of  a  fur- 
nace. In  some  designs,  where  water  is  used  in  the  grates,  the 
heat  wasted  in  water-pipes  of  the  garbage  grates  is  a  source 
of  excessive  loss,  unless  the  steam  or  hot  water,  which 
is  necessarily  at  low  pressure,  can  be  made  use  of.  If  the 
garbage-receiving  grates  can  be  kept  cool  enough,  by  circulating 
air  through  them,  and  if  the  air  so  heated  is  not  additional 
to  that  required  for  combustion,  it  would  seem  that  the  maxi- 
mum practicable  heat  economy  would  be  secured. 

When  refuse  containing  a  larger  percentage  of  combustible 
material  is  to  be  burned,  the  amount  of  auxiliary  fuel  required 
for  its  destruction  rapidly  diminishes,  and  the  amount  of 
stoking  required  becomes  greater,  per  ton  burned.  A  furnace 
designed  to  burn  kitchen  garbage  is  not  equally  well  adapted 
for  burning  trash,  though  it  may  be  made  to  answer.  Much 
more  air  is  required  for  the  trash,  necessitating  larger  flues 
and  a  larger  stack  for  a  given  weight  of  refuse  than  for  the 
same  weight  of  garbage.  A  man  can  stoke  from  six  to 
ten  tons  of  combustible  refuse  per  day,  removing  the  ashes. 
This  makes  the  cost  of  stoking  between  15  and  25  cents 
per  ton,  according  to  the  wages  paid,  when  the  man  is  kept 
busy.  The  same  principles  of  fuel  economy  apply  in  burn- 
ing trash  as  in  burning  garbage,  but  if  no  auxiliary  fuel  is 
required,  and  if  the  heat  generated  is  not  to  be  used  for  power 


80  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

purposes,  the  same  care  is  not  necessary.  The  cost  of  operation 
is  increased  by  any  attempt  to  conserve  steam  for  power 
purposes,  but  often  revenue  may  be  derived  from  steam  so 
produced. 

Heat  Available  for  Steam  Raising. 

In  a  crematory  burning  kitchen  garbage,  whether  of  Class  3 
4,  or  5,  no  part  of  the  gases  leaving  the  crematory  should  be 
at  a  temperature  less  than  1200°  F.,  and  the  average  tem- 
perature will  be  much  higher,  sometimes  reaching  2400°  F. 
These  waste  gases  can  be  reduced  to  500°  or  600°  by  installing 
of  a  steam-boiler  of  suitable  design,  generating  steam  at 
pressure  suitable  for  power  purposes. 

The  total  heat  produced  by  the  burning  of  one  ton  of  gar- 
bage and  of  the  auxiliary  fuel  is  equivalent  to  that  developed 
by  burning  some  200  to  400  Ibs.  of  coal,  according  to  the  fur- 
nace employed;  but  the  gases  produced  are  about  twice  as 
voluminous  as  would  be  produced  if  an  equivalent  weight  of 
good  fuel  were  burned  alone.  The  net  result  is  that  it  is  prac- 
ticable to  regain  only  about  half  as  much  heat,  or  to  generate 
half  as  much  steam  as  could  be  generated  by  burning  coal 
with  the  same  heat-producing  value  directly  under  a  steam- 
boiler;  or,  in  other  words,  in  a  furnace  properly  cremating 
kitchen  garbage,  by  inserting  a  boiler  between  the  crematory 
and  the  stack,  the  water  that  may  be  evaporated  in  the  boiler 
will  be  1200  to  2400  Ibs.  per  ton  of  garbage  burned,  while  the 
coal  required  in  the  crematory  should  not  exceed  200  Ibs. 
per  ton  of  garbage  consumed. 

But  if  the  furnace  is  burning  combustible  refuse,  such  as 
waste-paper,  packing-cases,  excelsior,  pasteboard  boxes,  and 
store  refuse,  the  steam  developed  by  a  ton  of  refuse  may  be 
equivalent  to  that  produced  by  500  Ibs.  of  coal,  or  more,  in 


THE  COST  OF  OPERATING   A   CREMATORY.  81 

which  case  a  refuse  furnace  may  be  a  valuable  accessory  to  a 
steam  plant. 

Miscellaneous  waste  is  not  so  valuable  for  fuel  as  selected 
refuse,  but  there  are  many  cities  where,  if  carefully  collected 
and  scientifically  burned,  it  may  develop  thousands  of  horse- 
power continually. 

The  problem  of  steam  generating  from  the  heat  in  the  waste 
gases  is  one  that  must  be  solved  with  reference  to  the  market 
for  the  steam,  as  well  as  to  the  quantity  and  the  cost  of  its 
production;  but  in  general  the  following  conditions  may  be 
assumed  as  approximately  true. 

For  a  Crematory  Burning  Garbage  only. 

1.  The  temperature  of  the  gases  where  they  come  in  con- 
tact with  the  boiler  is  about  half  that  of  the  gases  from  a  good 
coal-fire ;   consequently,  the  boiler  must  be  about  twice  as  large 
per  boiler  horse-power  generated,  as  would  be  required  in  an 
ordinary  power  plant.     If  fuel  is  very  cheap  in  the  locality 
where  the  plant  is  under  consideration,  the  economy  effected 
by  using  the  waste  heat  will  not  pay  interest  on  the  increased 
investment. 

2.  The  temperature  and  the  volume  of  the  gases  from  the 
crematory  vary  so  much  that  the  boiler  horse-power  generated 
is  very  unsteady.     This  makes  it  necessary  to  employ  an  addi- 
tional  boiler,  fired  separately,  to   generate   enough   steam   to 
make  the  power  steady;   or  to  use  more  coal  in  the  crematory 
fires  than  is  necessary,  which  is  uneconomical. 

3.  If  the  crematory  can  be  operated   as  an  adjunct  to  a 
power  plant  of   much  larger  steam-generating   capacity  it  is 
working  under  the  most  favorable  conditions  for  the  utiliza- 
tion of  the  steam  generated.    In  such  a  case  it  may  prove 


82  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

economical  to  install  a  boiler  in  connection  with  a  plant  con- 
suming ten  or  more  tons  of  garbage  per  day. 

4.  In  all  cases,  however,  the  probable  economy  is  not  so 
great  that  a  decision  can  be  reached  without  a  careful  investi- 
gation of  all  of  the  local  conditions,  including  the  cost  of  power 
generated  by  other  methods;    and  if  there  is  any  doubt  as  to 
the  immediate  demand  for  the  steam  produced  by  the  crematory 
boiler  plant,  the  boiler  should  not  be  installed  when  the  plant 
is  built,  but  a  place  left  for  its  installation  at  a  future  date. 

For  a  Crematory  Burning  Mixed  Garbage  and  Refuse,  not  Includ- 
ing Ashes  and  Cinders. 

5.  This  case  is  the  same  as  that  just  discussed,  unless  there 
is   sufficient   combustible   material   to   operate   the   crematory 
without  the  use  of  any  auxiliary  fuel,  and  it  probably  will 
not  be  feasible  to  get  along  without  other  fuel  unless  the  refuse 
is  dry,  collected  separately  from  the  garbage,  and  unless  for 
every  ton  of  garbage  there  is  500  pounds  or  more  of  such  com- 
bustible refuse.     Of  course,  conditions  and  furnaces  vary  so 
much  that  such  an  estimate  as  this  can  be  only  approximate. 
It  is  based  upon  a  study  of  the  heat  theoretically  required, 
and  probably  represents  a  more  economical  combustion  than 
can  be  secured  in  practice.  * 

6.  Where  garbage  and  refuse  are  collected  separately  and 
brought  to  the  crematory,  it  frequently  happens  that  there  is  as 
great  weight  of  refuse  as  there  is  of  garbage.     When  there  is 
more  than  half  the  weight  of  refuse  that  there  is  of  garbage,  it 
should  not  be  necessary  to  burn  any  auxiliary  fuel,  and  a  larger 
amount  of  heat  becomes  available  for  steam  generation.     If  the 
amount  of  garbage  and  refuse  to  be  destroyed  is  not  more  than 
forty  tons  per  day,  or  thereabout,  it  is  probably  best  to  burn  it 
all  in  one  furnace,  or  set  of  furnaces;    but  if  the  amount  is 


THE  COST  OF  OPERATING  A   CREMATORY.  83 

greater,  and  if  the  market  conditions  justify  the  raising  of 
steam,  the  garbage  and  the  refuse  can  be  burned  more  economic- 
ally in  separate  furnaces,  the  refuse  being  treated  as  fuel  of  poor 
quality. 

Where  Refuse  is  Burned  Separately. 

7.  Where  refuse  is  burned  separately,  with  the  purpose  of 
generating  steam,  furnaces  of  Class  1  answer  very  well  if  the 
material  is  collected  dry ;  but  if  it  is  wet,  furnaces  of  Class  2  are 
better  adapted.     The  difficulty  and  lack  of  economy  arise  use- 
ally  from  admitting  too  much  air  during  charging  and  stoking. 
This  is  not  as  great  a  difficulty   when  forced   draft   is   used. 
Furnaces  of  Class  4  may  also  be  used  for  this  service,  especially 
when  the  material  is  very  wet;   but  those  of  Class  3  are  not  as 
well  adapted  for  burning  refuse  to  generate  steam. 

8.  When  ashes  and  cinders  are  mixed  with  the  refuse  fur- 
naces of  Class  2,  with  forced  draft,  are  preferable.     In  this  case 
forced  draft  is  necessary  to  secure  combustion  of  the  cinders. 

The  reburning  of  ashes  with  refuse  is  a  practice  that  the 
writer  believes  should  be  discouraged,  although  he  is  aware  that 
several  writers  on  this  subject  advocate  this  upon  grounds  of 
economy.  It  is  stated  that  the  emptyings  of  ash-barrels  contain 
not  less  than  20%  and  frequently  30%  by  weight  of  combustible 
material,  which  can  be  oxidized  in  a  properly  constructed  fur- 
nace, with  a  production  of  steam.  Suppose  that  the  fact  that 
30%  of  the  weight  is  combustible  be  admitted,  the  conclusion 
that  it  can  be  utilized  economically  under  ordinary  circumstances 
is  fallacious,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  considerations  : 

(a)  If  30%  is  combustible,  70%  is  not,  and  70%  must  be 
passed  through  the  furnace,  heated  to  the  temperature  of 
clinker  say  (2000°  F.),  and  dumped  into  the  ash-pit.  This  heat 
is  largely  wasted,  and  it  represents  the  heat  produced  by  the 


84  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

combustion  of  considerable  fuel;  probably  one-third  of  the 
available  fuel  in  the  cinders,  leaving  only  20%  of  the  original 
weight  of  ash  and  cinders  available  for  other  purposes. 

(6)  It  is  estimated  by  those  who  advocate  this  system  that 
one-third  of  the  steam  generated  is  required  to  keep  up  the 
forced  draft  necessary  to  burn  a  fuel  of  this  character.  This 
leaves  two-thirds  of  20%  =  13.6%  of  the  original  weight  avail- 
able for  other  purposes. 

(c)  The  70%  ash  must  be  hauled  away  from  the  crematory 
to  the  dump.     If  the  ash  and  cinders  are  both  taken  to  the 
dump,  instead  of  being  brought  to  the  crematory,  one  haul  of 
the  ashes  and  clinker  is  saved.     This  is  worth  not  less  than 
$1.00  per  ton  under  favorable  circumstances,  which  would  be  70 
cents  per  ton  of  cinders  cremated.     In  consequence,  this  system 
contemplates  spending  70  cents  to  secure  fuel  of  steam-raising 
value  equal  to  13.6%  of  a  ton  of  coal,  which  is  equivalent  to 
purchasing  coal  at  $5.15  per  ton. 

(d)  The  above  does  not  allow  for  the  fact  that  the  ashes  will 
cost  10/3  as  much  as  coal  to  stoke,  or  that,  if  wet,  they  will 
contain  a  large  amount  of  water  to  be  evaporated,  which  will 
make  the  price  at  which  coal  should  be  preferred  still  greater. 

Moreover,  the  mixture  of  cinders  with  other  refuse  very 
greatly  interferes  with  the  most  advantageous  burning  of  refuse. 
Therefore  it  seems  that  the  cinders  and  ashes  should  be  collected 
and  disposed  of  separately.  By  screening  and  otherwise  care- 
fully handling,  it  is  possible  that  the  combustible  portion  of 
ash-pan  collections  may  be  made  to  produce  heat  economically, 
but  the  problem  should  not  be  complicated  by  mixing  ashes  and 
refuse,  or  by  attempting  to  reduce  them  in  the  same  furnace, 
and  the  arguments  for  doing  so  usually  presented  are  delusive. 
That  there  is  no  advantage  in  collecting  them  together  has  been 
pointed  out  elsewhere. 


THE  COST  OF  OPERATING  A    CREMATORY.  85 

The  preceding  conclusions  are  theoretical,  and  lay  no  claim 
to  extreme  accuracy.  They  will  be  found  sufficiently  accurate 
to  determine  for  any  case,  whether  a  consideration  of  a  steam- 
raising  proposition  is  worth  attempting. 

Data  giving  cost  of  incineration  per  ton  for  particular  in- 
stallations have  been  given  by  several  writers  in  papers  before 
various  societies;  but  the  writer  of  this,  upon  examination  of 
such  data,  is  convinced  that  except  in  a  few  rare  instances  the 
figures  given  are  not  correct,  and,  therefore,  he  refrains  from 
quoting  any  of  them.  In  some  cases  the  costs  appear  very  low, 
which  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  furnace  discharges 
very  offensive  gases  from  the  chimney,  or  disposes  of  the  liquids 
without  evaporation;  in  others,  the  charge  to  depreciation  is  un- 
fairly small;  in  others  still,  those  making  the  reports  are  inter- 
ested parties,  not  strictly  honest;  and  in  yet  other  cases  those 
who  have  collected  data  have  been  misled  by  inaccurate  state- 
ments of  their  collaborators. 

In  general,  however,  it  may  be  stated,  that  the  cost  of  in- 
cinerating various  wastes  in  plants  now  operating  varies  between 
the  following  extremes,  interest,  depreciation,  and  repairs  being 
included.  These  costs  do  not  take  into  consideration  any  steam- 
raising  charges  or  credits. 

Range  of  Costs  of  Incineration  per  Ton. 

Garbage,  50  cts.  to  $2.50. 

Cinders  only,  20  cts.  or  more. 

Refuse  only,  25  cts.  to  $2.50. 

Mixed  garbage  and  refuse,  30  cts.  to  $2.50. 

The  highest  figures  are  usually  due  to  one  of  two  causes,  or 
to  both : 

(a)  Operation  of  the  incinerator  only  a  short  time  each  day 
or  each  week,  because  the  quantity  destroyed  is  very  small. 


86 


GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 


(6)  Frequent  repairs  made  necessary  by  faulty  construction 
or  design,  or  by  mismanagement. 

In  poor  designs,  auxiliary  fuel  sometimes  amounts  to  95  cts., 
or  SI  .00  per  ton  of  garbage  burned. 

Accurate  data  of  the  amount  of  steam  produced  by  burning 
refuse  in  the  United  States  is  not  available.  Many  tests  have 
been  made  in  Great  Britain,  showing  the  amount  of  steam 
raised  by  burning  such  wastes,  some  of  which  will  be  discussed 
in  the  chapter  on  British  Practice.  The  following  two  tables 
are  taken  from  Mr.  Goodrich's  book,  before  referred  to,  though 
the  data  are  available  in  original  reports. 

The  second  table  is  more  useful  for  practical  purposes 
than  the  first. 

Those  who  may  be  inclined  to  study  the  heat  available  in 
any  substance  of  known  chemical  composition  are  referred  to 
Poole's  excellent  treatise  entitled  The  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 
(Wiley  &  Sons) .  Table  1,  " Heat  of  Combustion  of  Substances," 
Table  3,  "Theoretical  Flame  Temperatures,"  and  Table  13, 
" Quantity  of  Air  Required  for  Perfect  Combustion,"  are  of 
special  interest  in  this  connection. 

HEATING  POWER  or  ASH-PIT  REFUSE.     (DAWSON.) 

The  average  heating  power  of  the  combustible  portion  of  the  refuse  is  as 
under: 


Calorific  Value,  or  Units  of  Heat 
Developed  per  Lb.  of  Combustible. 

When   Dry. 

When  Containing 
the   Average 
Percentage  of 
Moisture. 

Coal  

14,000 
12,000 

8000 
6000 
5000 
3800 

9334 
8000 
5334 
4000 
3334 
2534 

Coke.                                             

Bones  and  offal  . 

Breeze  and  cinder  

Rags  

Paper,  straw,  fibrous  material,  and  vegetable  refuse 

THE  COST  OF  OPERATING  A   CREMATORY. 


87 


AVERAGE    EVAPORATIVE 


POWER  OF  TOWN'S  REFUSE 

(BUTTON.) 


OBTAINED  IN  PRACTICE. 


Weight  of  Water 
Evaporated  from 

Description.  and  at  212°  F. 

Per  Lb.  of  Refuse 
Fuel  in  Lbs. 

Screened  ash-pit  refuse,  the  best 2 . 00 

Screened  ash-pit  refuse,  averages 1 . 50 

Unscreened  ash-pit  refuse,  the  best 1 . 25 

Unscreened  ash-pit  refuse,  averages 1 .00 

Unscreened  ash-pit  refuse    of   inferior  quality  seldom 

exceeds 0 . 75 

Unscreened  ash-pit  refuse,  two  parts  mixed  with  street- 
sweepings,  one  part  by  weight 0. 75 

Unscreened  ash-pit  refuse,  two  parts  mixed  with  street- 
sludge,  one  part  by  weight 0 . 50 

Refuse  described  in  above  table  yields  on  the  average  from  25%  to  35% 
of  clinker  and  ash. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

CREMATORY-BUILDERS   AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS. 

THE  pioneer  company  in  the  installation  of  crematories  in 
the  United  States,  save  for  a  few  installations  here  and  there  of 
little  practical  importance,  was  the  Engle  Sanitary  and  Crema- 
tion Company  with  its  principal  office  in  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 
This  company  was  incorporated  in  1887,  and  purchased  the 
patents  of  Andrew  Engel,  under  which  it  constructed  a  number 
of  crematories,  some  of  which  are  still  in  operation.  The  prin- 
cipal stockholders  were  Mr.  J.  C.  Savery  and  Mr.  James  Callahan. 
In  1894  Mr.  Savery  met  with  serious  losses  in  other  lines  of 
business  in  which  he  was  engaged,  which  caused  the  with- 
drawal of  the  working  capital  from  the  crematory  concern.  Mr. 
Savery  died  in  1905. 

Between  1887  and  1894  the  Engel  Company  built  cremato- 
ries at  the  following  cities : 

Des  Moines,  Iowa;  But te  City,  Mont.;  Findlay,  0.;  Birming- 
ham, Ala.;  Jackson,  Fla.;  Tampa,  Fla.;  St.  Augustine,  Fla.;  Pan- 
ama, Colombia;  Coney  Island,  N.  Y.;  16th  Street,  N.  Y.,  Board 
of  Health;  Savannah,  Ga. ;  Richmond,  Va. ;  Norfolk,  Va.;  Port- 
land, Oregon;  Milwaukee,  Wis.;  World's  Fair,  Chicago,  1893; 
Lowell,  Mass.;  Brunswick,  Ga. 

Smaller  destructors  were  also  put  up  for  a  number  of  private 
institutions. 

The  foregoing  information  was  furnished  to  the  writer  from 

88 


FIG.  17. — Engle  Crematory  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  Chicago. 


FIG.  18. — Engle  Crematory.     View  of  Furnace. 


89 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND   THEIR    PRODUCTS,         91 

memory  by  Mr.  Benjamin  Boulger.  This  list  of  municipal 
plants  may  be  incomplete. 

In  the  employ  of  this  Engel  Company  for  several  3/ears  were 
Mr.  Benjamin  Boulger  and  Col.  W.  F.  Morse,  to  whom  further 
references  will  be  made  in  this  chapter.  Mr.  Andrew  Engel  was 
not  actively  engaged  in  the  business  of  the  company.  The 
original  Engel  patents  expired  in  1904. 

The  larger  crematories  of  this  make  consisted  of  a  combustion- 
chamber  divided  horizontally  by  a  garbage-receiving  platform 
made  up  of  a  series  of  brick  arches,  with  slight  spaces  between 
them,  through  which  the  garbage  might  be  stoked  to  the  floor 
below,  as  it  became  dry,  in  combination  with  fire-grates  for 
burning  fuel.  The  furnaces  were  for  the  most  part  substantially 
built,  and  a  number  of  them  are  still  in  daily  use,  though  built 
more  than  twelve  years  ago.  The  illustrations  afford  a  fair 
idea  of  the  construction  of  these  furnaces.  These  furnaces  fall 
distinctly  into  Class  3,  according  to  the  nomenclature  adopted 
by  the  writer  in  Chapter  IV. 

Next  in  interest  in  chronological  order  comes  the  Dixon 
Garbage  Crematory  Company  which  is  still  active  in  the  business 
The  following  sketch  and  list  of  plants  installed  has  been  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  F.  K.  Rhines,  Secretary  and  Chief  Engineer  of  the 
Dixon  Company,  to  whom  the  writer  is  further  indebted  for 
considerable  of  the  information  regarding  miscellaneous  plants 
given  elsewhere  in  this  chapter : 

"  Early  in  the  last  decade  a  company  was  formed  at  Findlay, 
Ohio,  to  exploit  certain  crematory  patents  granted  to  Samuel 
Dixon,  of  that  city. 

"Passing  over  the  experimental  apparatus  set  up  there,  the 
first  municipal  Dixon  Crematory  was  installed  at  Elwood,  Ind. 
This  was  quickly  followed  by  other  installations  in  the  South 
and  East,  and,  although  the  data  regarding  these  early  crema- 


92  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

tories  are  rather  meagre,  it  would  appear  that  their  performance 
was  satisfactory,  as  the  system  was  widely  adopted,  and,  con- 
sidering the  lethargic  state  of  city  authorities  at  that  period  con- 
cerning questions  of  municipal  sanitation,  a  remarkable  number 
of  plants  were  built  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 

"After  some  five  years  the  original  Dixon  Company,  being 
insufficiently  financed  to  handle  the  increasing  business,  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  present  company  now  controlling,  at  Toledo,  Ohio, 
the  original  Dixon  patents,  as  well  as  numerous  others  since 
granted  on  improvements  and  variations  of  the  Dixon  principle. 

"As  at  first  constructed,  the  Dixon  furnace  consisted  of  an 
elongated  fire-brick  chamber,  encased  in  walls  of  common  brick, 
with  a  horizontal  burning-grate  extending  longitudinally  from  a 
double  fire-box  at  one  end  to  a  fume  cremator,  or  'stench-fire/ 
at  the  opposite  end;  and  this  same  form,  modified  and  improved 
by  being  steel- jacketed  and  by  the  substitution  of  logical  and 
more  durable  arches  of  fire-tile  for  the  iron  grates  with  which 
the  destruction- chamber  was  originally  fitted,  is  still  used  in 
some  of  the  most  modern  and  successful  installations,  and  may 
be  consideraed  the  representative  type  of  American  crematory. 

"In  the  later  patents  taken  out  by  the  Dixon  Company,  the 
arrangements  of  grates  and  burning- chambers  have  been  some- 
what diversified,  and  many  ingenious  and  important  improve- 
ments made.  Special  crematories  have  been  designed  for  the 
destruction  of  different  classes  of  waste  matter,  and  small  fur- 
naces adapted  to  institutional  and  private  use.  In  all  of  the 
various  forms  of  crematories  now  built  under  the  name  l  Dixon/ 
there  is  manifest  a  desire  to  adhere  to  the  simplicity  of  principle 
which  was  the  key  to  the  success  of  the  original  invention. 

"The  work  of  the  Dixon  Company  has  extended  from  Boston 
to  San  Francisco,  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  West  Indies  and 
the  Gulf,  and  within  the  past  few  months  two  complete  crematory 


FIG.  19. — Salt  Lake  City's  Dixon  Crematory  Plant. 


93 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.         95 

plants  have  been  built  by  this  company  for  the  city  of  Guayaquil, 
Ecuador. 

"The  fact  that  the  Dixon  Crematory  has  held  first  place  in 
this  country  for  over  a  dozen  years,  during  which  period  a  score 
of  different  furnaces  have  been  experimented  with  by  various 
cities  and  individuals,  only  to  be  abandoned,  in  most  cases,  after 
one  or  two  trials,  and  that  there  are,  at  the  present  time,  more 
Dixon  Crematories  in  successful  operation  in  the  United  States 
than  of  all  other  makes  combined,  cannot  be  passed  over  as  in- 
significant to  the  earnest  student  of  progress  in  this  branch  of 
sanitary  science." 

List  of  Dixon  Crematory  Plants. 

Elwood,  IncL;  Atlanta,  Ga.;  Camden,  N.  J.;  Trenton,  N.  J.; 
Charlotte,  N.  C.;  McKeesport,  Pa.;  Los  Angeles,  Calif.;  New 
Orleans,  La.;  York,  Pa.;  Ft.  Wayne,  Ind.;  Dayton,  0.;  Jackson- 
ville, Fla.;  Wilmington,  Del.;  San  Diego,  Calif.;  Memphis,  Tenn.; 
Youngstown,  0.;  Santiago,  Cuba  (U.  S.  Military  Hospital);  La 
Fayette,  Ind.;  Greenville,  Miss.;  Far  Rockaway,  N.  Y.;  Flushing, 
N.Y.;  Long  Island  City,  N.Y.;  Jamaica,  N.Y.;  Port  Richmond, 
N.  Y.;  Bridgeport,  Ct.;  West  Point,  N.  Y.  (U.  S.  Military 
Academy);  Alexandria,  La.  (Parish  Jail);  Blackwell's  Island, 
N.  Y.  (N.  Y.  Dept.  Pub.  Charities);  Boston,  Mass.  (U.  S.  Army 
Post);  Louisville,  Ky.;  Joliet,  111.;  Covington,  Ky.;  Cheyenne, 
Wyo.  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Portsmouth,  Va.  (U.  S.  Navy  Yard); 
Mansfield,  0.;  San  Francisco,  Calif.  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Avalon, 
Calif.  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Philadelphia,  Pa.  (Reading  Terminal 
Station);  Hot  Springs,  Ark.  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Hamilton,  0.; 
Wilmerding,  Pa.;  New  Castle,  Pa.;  Allentown,  Pa.;  San  Juan, 
Porto  Rico  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah;  Canton, 
0.;  Dallas,  Texas;  Oakland,  Calif.;  Meadville,  Pa.;  Home- 
stead, Pa.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (La.  Purchase  Exposition);  Char- 


96  GARBAGE   CREMATORIES. 

leroi,  Pa.;  Wabash,  Ind.;  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.  (F.  F.  Thompson 
Estate);  Guayaquil,  Ecuador,  S.  A.;  Shreveport,  La.;  Lexing- 
ton, Ky. 

All  of  the  crematories  constructed  by  the  Dixon  Company 
have  been  of  Class  3.  In  all  later  plants  the  plate-steel  jacket 
gives  the  furnace  a  characteristic  appearance,  as  shown  in  the 
illustration  page  85.  The  variations  in  internal  arrangement 
referred  to  by  Mr.  Rhines  are  largely  methods  of  adapting  the 
fires  for  furnaces  of  different  lengths  and  methods  of  construct- 
ing stench-consumers.  The  practice  followed  has  been  to 
adopt  a  given  typical  cross-section  for  the  furnace,  and  to  ex- 
tend the  length  a  greater  or  a  less  distance  to  secure  the 
capacity  required  for  a  given  installation. 

The  patents  owned  by  the  Dixon  Company  are  as  follows : 

No.  461,327,  to  Samuel  W.  Dixon,  Oct.  13,  1891. 

No.  517,816,  to  Samuel  W.  Dixon,  April  3,  1894. 

The  drawings  illustrating  these  show  brick  furnaces  of 
Class  3,  with  "  stench-bars ';  in  the  chimney,  and  flues  for  heating 
the  air  supplied  for  combustion.  Later,  Mr.  Dixon  took  out 
patent  No.  644,505  for  a  crematory  with  a  conveyor  located 
within  it;  but  in  this  the  Dixon  Company  is  not  interested,  and 
the  writer  knows  of  no  furnace  built  under  its  provisions. 

No.  667,445,  to  E.  J.  Little,  D.  C.  Shaw,  and  Geo.  H.  Brey- 
mann,  Feb.  5,  1901.  This  applies  to  the  most  complicated  of 
the  Dixon  furnaces, — those  in  which  an  extra  drying-chamber 
is  placed  above  the  furnace  proper.  Means  is  provided  for 
stoking  garbage  from  the  drying-chamber  to  the  combustion- 
chamber.  The  air-heating  flues  in  the  original  Dixon  furnaces 
are  omitted  from  the  drawings  in  this  case. 

No.  724,898,  to  E.  J.  Little,  G.  H.  Breymann,  and  D.  C. 
Shaw,  April  7,  1903.  The  drawings  of  this  patent  show  the 
Dixon  crematory  enclosed  in  jacket  of  rolled  steel,  reinforced 


/>^ 


•%^l 


CREMATORY -BUILDERS   AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS. 


99 


ng  Hopper         Steel  Plate  Receiving  Floor     Fire  Brick  Lining 


L(NG|TUDINAL.  SECTION  THROUGH   CENTER  OF  FURNACE 


TRANSVERSE  SECTION. 

A 


TRANSVERSE  SECTION 
B 


TRANSVERSE  SECTION 


FIG.  21. — Sections  of  Dixon  Garbage  Crematory. 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.        101 

by  "  edgewise  stiffening-plates," — the  construction  typical  of 
all  later  Dixon  installations.  The  interior  arrangement  is  an 
improvement  on  that  shown  in  No.  667,445. 

No.  789,329,  to  E.  J.  Little  and  D.  C.  Shaw,  May  6,  1905. 
Fig.  11  illustrates  this  patent,  which  applies  to  the  use  of 
tubes  of  fire-clay  heated  to  a  high  temperature  from  without, 
through  which  all  gases  of  combustion  must  pass,  and  in  which, 
it  is  claimed,  they  are  heated  so  that  odors  are  consumed. 

There  are  usually  to  be  found  in  every  mechanical  con- 
trivance many  features  peculiar  to  the  design  of  its  manu- 
facturer that  are  not  patented,  and  may  not  be  shown  at  all 
upon  drawings  intended  to  present  special  claims.  Fig. 
21  shows  a  Dixon  crematory  of  a  type  of  which  a  number  have 
been  built,  and  shows  several  of  the  features  common  to  most 
Dixon  furnaces.  These  features  are : 

1.  An  enclosing  jacket  of  rolled  sheet  steel,  built  in  sections, 
the  sections  joined  together  by  angle-irons  riveted  to  the  sheets 
and  stiffened  by  additional  sheets  clamped  between  the  angles. 
This  can  make  a  very  rigid  jacket  with  a  comparatively  small 
amount  of  material.     A  strong  jacket  is  an  essential  in  this  fur- 
nace to  support  the  thrust  of   the  fire-brick  arches  or  grates 
within. 

2.  A  lining  of  fire-brick,  with  fire-brick  grates  of  peculiar 
pattern  spanning  the  combustion-chamber  throughout  most  of 
its  length,  and  dividing  it  into  two  portions,  one  above  the 
other. 

3.  " Stench-bars,"  located  in  the  chimney,  or  in  the  path 
thereto. 

4.  One  or  two  fuel-fires  which  pass  their  gases  of  combustion 
above  and  below  the  garbage-grates,  and  usually  another  fuel- 
fire  immediately  below  the  stench-bars. 

The  Decarie  Manufacturing  Company  of  Minneapolis  came 


102  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

into  the  crematory  business  about  1900,  working  under  the 
patents  of  F.  L.  Decarie,  formerly  of  Montreal,  Canada,  who  is 
engineer  for  the  company.  The  furnaces  built  by  this  company 
are  the  best  known  of  those  that  employ  water  to  cool  the 
garbage-receiving  grates.  The  furnace  belongs  to  Class  4.  The 
following  description  is  extracted  from  a  printed  pamphlet  de- 
scribing a  crematory  built  by  this  company  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 
and  sent  to  the  writer  in  response  to  a  request  for  an  authorized 
description : 

"The  furnace  walls  are  of  steel,  lined  with  a  single  course  of 
fire-brick.  .  .  .  The  crown  is  of  steel  plate,  18  inches  high,  and 
liberally  stay-bolted.  The  upper  grate-bars  are  joined  directly 
to  the  crown,  and  connect  it  with  the  headers  that  extend  along 
the  lower  part  of  each  side  of  the  furnace.  The  downward  cir- 
culation of  water  is  provided  for  by  four  10-inch  vertical 
wrought-iron  pipes,  that  extend  from  the  corners  of  the  crown 
to  the  floor,  having  T-couplings  with  the  headers,  which  are 
carried  outside  through  the  end  walls  of  the  furnace  for  the 
purpose.  The  vertical  pipes  also  serve  to  keep  the  weight  of 
the  crown  from  the  side  walls. 

'"There  are  seven  hoppers,  all  opening  from  the  upper  floor, 
to  receive  waste  material.  Four  deliver  direct  to  the  upper 
grate.  In  these,  mixed  refuse  and  moderately  dry  garbage  are 
dumped.  One,  built  externally  at  the  front,  delivers  dry  com- 
bustible rubbish  direct  to  the  lower  grate.  Two  are  built  ex- 
ternally at  the  sides  of  the  furnaces,  and  in  these  very  wet  gar- 
bage is  held,  and  allowed  to  drain  its  moisture  into  the  evapo- 
rating-pan  before  delivering  the  solid  material  to  the  upper 
grate.  The  dumping  is  straight  from  the  carts  into  the  hoppers, 
and  there  is  no  handling  of  waste.  The  fire  is  hottest  on  the 
lower  grate,  where  dry  material  is  constantly  burning.  The 
gases  of  combustion  pass  through  the  material  on  the  upper 


FIG.  22. — Construction  of  Decarie  Furnace. 


103 


CREMATORY -BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.        105 

grate,  and  through  a  combustion-chamber  at  the  back  of  the 
furnace,  filled  with  brick  checkerwork.  Then  they  pass  through 
two  horizontal  brick-lined  flues  about  8  ft.  long,  and  are  de- 
flected downward  from  a  height  of  about  10  feet  to  nearly  the 
floor-level.  Here  they  strike  the  surface  of  a  water-tank,  placed 
there  to  detain  any  particle  of  solid  matter  carried  out  of  the 
furnace.  They  then  pass  between  two  coal-fires,  which  act  as 
fume-consumers.  The  gases  then  pass  over  one  baffle-wall  and 
under  another,  getting  a  downward  velocity  a  second  time  and 
striking  a  second  water-tank.  In  the  lower  edge  of  the  hanging 
baffle-wall  is  a  perforated  pipe,  which  projects  a  flat  jet  or  cur- 
tain of  steam  downward.  This  steam  carries  into  the  water- 
tank  any  particles  not  previously  caught.  The  gases  then  enter 
the  stack,  which  is  200  feet  high  and  7  feet  inside  diameter. 

"The  material  burned  is  mixed  refuse,  that  is,  kitchen 
garbage,  rubbish,  boxes,  barrels,  rags,  paper,  and,  occasionally, 
a  little  manure.  The  bulk  of  the  manure,  night-soil,  street- 
sweepings,  and  ashes  are  carted  out  of  the  city  and  disposed  of 
in  as  sanitary  and  economical  a  way  as  may  be." 

Other  plants  built  by  this  company  are  as  follows : 

Westmont,  Montreal;  Minneapolis,  Minn.;  The  Bronx,  New 
York;  Johnstown,  Pa.;  Spokane,  Wash.;  Lowell,  Mass.; 
Tampa,  Fla.;  Muncie,  Ind.;  Duluth,  Minn.;  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

As  with  the  products  of  other  companies,  these  furnaces; 
have  not  all  been  of  the  same  design,  though  they  are  alike  in- 
making  use  of  steam-boiler  tubes  to  support  the  refuse  over  a 
large  grate,  to  which  it  is  stoked  by  laborers  as  fast  as  it  is  dry 
enough  to  burn.  Fig.  43,  furnished  by  the  manufacturers, 
illustrates  the  construction  of  the  most  recent  furnaces. 

These  furnaces  consist  almost  entirely  of  boiler-plate  and 
tubes,  the  fire-brick  linings  on  the  Atlanta  plant  being  only 
four  and  one-half  inches  thick. 


106  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

The  Decarie  patents  are  as  follows: 

No.  596,421,  Dec.  28,  1897  (reissue,  No.  12,059). 

No.  749,269,  Jan.  12,  1904. 

The  arrangement  of  boiler-tubes  actually  adopted  in  the 
furnaces  as  built  (shown  in  Fig.  43  )  more  resembles  that 
shown  in  the  earlier  patent  than  that  shown  in  the  later,  which  is 
illustrated  in  Fig.  13. 

In  the  writer's  estimation,  this  furnace  is  adapted  for  burning 
refuse  not  mixed  with  a  considerable  proportion  of  ashes,  and 
containing  not  more  than  25  to  40%  of  garbage  by  weight. 
When  ashes  or  garbage  predominates,  the  material  sifts  through 
between  the  boiler-tubes  that  form  the  upper  grate,  and  falls 
upon  the  lower  grate  without  preliminary  drying.  The  com- 
pany provides  special  receptacles  for  drying  garbage,  but  the 
quantity  that  can  be  treated  therein  is  small  as  compared  with 
the  quantity  of  refuse  that  can  be  consumed  in  the  furnace 
proper. 

Where  no  effort  is  to  be  made  to  utilize  steam  generated  in 
the  incinerator  for  power  purposes,  and  the  proportion  of  garbage 
is  small,  this  incinerator  is  working  under  conditions  most 
favorable  for  its  success.  But  the  location  of  the  boiler  between 
the  principal  fires  and  the  material  to  be  dried  is  unfavorable  for 
power  development,  and  the  mechanical  strains  to  which  the 
tubes  must  be  subjected  by  the  weight  of  the  garbage  make  it 
unsafe  to  carry  very  high  steam-pressure;  in  fact,  the  arrange- 
ment is  one  very  unfavorable  to  steam-generation  for  power 
purposes,  where  high  and  steady  pressure  are  important. 

The  Municipal  Engineering  Company 

was  incorporated  in  Delaware  on  May  6,  1901,  by  Clarence  S. 
Brown,  N.  C.  Lyon,  W.  C.  McFarland,  and  Fred  P.  Smith. 


FIG.  23. — Decarie  Crematory  Building  at  Duluth,  Minn. 


FIG.  24. — Stench-consumer,  Decarie  Furnace. 


107 


OF  THF 

UTsliVERSiTy 

OF 

£*t  IFORNVks 


FIG.  25. — Crematory  Building  at  Butler,  Pa. 
(Morse-Boulger  System.) 


109 


CREMATORY -BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.         Ill 

Shortly  thereafter  Col.  Willard  Young  became  a  stockholder  and 
president.  Captain  McFarland  and  Col.  Young  financed  the 
company  and  became  the  principal  stockholders,  eventually 
acquiring  all  the  stock  in  1904.  In  that  year  Mr.  Smith's  con- 
nection with  the  company  ceased.  In  October,  1904,  the  com- 
pany sold  its  patents  and  goodwill  to  The  Sanitary  Engineering 
Company,  an  account  of  which  will  be  given  later.  This  com- 
pany is  continuing  the  business  with  modified  and  improved 
types. 

Mr.  Benjamin  Boulger  and  Col.  W.  F.  Morse, 

after  leaving  the  Engel  Sanitary  and  Cremation  Company, 
engaged  in  business  together.  They  designed  and  supervised 
the  Boston  refuse-destructor  (30  tons  daily  capacity),  and  de- 
signed a  plant  erected  by  the  United  States  Government  at 
Manila,  P.  I.  (130  tons  daily  capacity).  They  also  built  plants 
at  the  following  places: 

San  Salvador,  40  tons;  Kings  County  (Brooklyn) ,  10  tons; 
League  Island,  10  tons;  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor,  L.  I.,  8  tons; 
Bellevue  Hospital,  and  about  20  other  private  institutions  re- 
quiring small  furnaces  only. 

In  1902  the  Morse-Boulger  Destructor  Company  was  origi- 
nated to  secure  more  capital  upon  which  to  work.  Mr.  Boulger 
furnished  the  following  list  of  the  more  important  installations 
since  the  incorporation.  Of  this  company  Mr.  Boulger  now 
owns  the  controlling  interest.  Col.  Morse  having  withdrawn 
from  active  participation  in  the  business : 

Belmont  Hotel,  41st  St.  and  Park  Ave.;  Siegel's  Store, 
Boston;  New  York  Navy  Yard;  St.  Francis  Hospital,  142d  St. 
and  Brook  Ave.;  Butler  Pa.,  City;  Cammeyer  Library;  Ft. 
Logan,  Colo.,  U.  S.  Army  Post;  Randall's  Island,  Dept.  Charities, 
New  York  City,  Ear,  Eye,  and  Throat  Hospital,  New  York; 


112  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

Mexico  Hospital,  Mexico  City;  German  Hospital,  76th  St.  and 
Park  Ave.;  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Fig.  10  shows  the  general  type  of  furnace  built  by  this 
company. 

Next  to  the  Dixon,  this  crematory  is  perhaps  the  best-known 
in  America.  In  one  sense,  it  is  the  lineal  descendant  of  the 
Engel  Crematory,  Mr.  Boulger  having  been  the  constructor  of 
many  of  the  Engel  furnaces,  and  Col.  Morse  having  been  the 
commercial  representative  of  that  concern.  In  exterior  ap- 
pearance the  Morse-Boulger  furnace  resembles  the  Engel,  being 
a  substantial  brick  structure  stayed  with  heavy  buckstays. 
In  internal  arrangement,  however,  it  is  a  considerable  departure. 

Mr.  Boulger's  two  patents  are : 

No.  537,181,  dated  April  9,  1895,  and 
No.  773,920,  dated  Nov.  1,  1904. 

The  later  crematories  all  resemble  in  design  the  drawing 
shown  in  Fig.  10.  A  large  surface  of  garbage  is  exposed  to 
the  heat  of  the  principal  fire  by  making  the  roasting  hearth 
double — one  hearth  above  another,  each  formed  of  arches  of 
fire-brick  with  small  spaces  between.  The  main  fire  may  be 
either  of  fuel  or  of  refuse,  if  the  latter  be  sufficiently  combustible. 
The  stench-fire  must  be  of  fuel.  The  broken  brickwork  in  the 
passage  to  the  stack  serves  as  an  extra  stench-consumer,  and 
also  arrests  any  light  refuse  or  paper  that  may  be  carried  that 
far  by  the  draft  within  the  furnace. 

This  furnace  must  be  classed  partly  in  Class  3  and  partly  in 
Class  2,  in  that  when  there  is  sufficient  refuse  to  burn  without 
other  fuel,  it  is  used  on  the  principal  fire;  but  the  garbage,  or 
swill,  is  consumed  on  the  fire-clay  grates.  The  furnace  may  be 
equipped  readily  with  forced  draft. 

This  crematory  is  working  at  its  best  when  consuming  a  con- 
siderably larger  quantity  of  garbage  than  of  refuse,  but  yet  is 


FIG.  26. — Exterior  of  Small  Boulger  Furnace. 


FIG.  27. — Building  of  "Sanitary"  Crematory  at  Fort  McKinley,  Maine. 

113 


rr>8 

;.  'f 

.rr^tVvb 


CREMATORY -BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS         115 

supplied  with  sufficient  refuse,  separately  collected,  to  maintain 
the  fire  on  the  principal  grate. 

The  Morse-Boulger  Destructor  Company  also  represented  the 
Meldrum  Bros.,  Ltd.,  of  England;  but  when  Colonel  Morse 
withdrew  from  active  participation  in  the  Morse-Boulger  Com- 
pany he  retained  the  representation  of  the  firm.  He  has  since 
constructed  a  Meldrum  destructor  at  Westmont,  near  Montreal. 

Sanitary  Engineering  Company,  incorporated  in  New  York 
in  1904,  purchased  and  continued  the  business  of  the  Municipal 
Engineering  Company  of  Delaware.  The  principal  stock- 
holders are  Captain  Wm.  C.  McFarland,  Colonel  Willard  Young, 
Mr.  Franklin  Nevius,  and  Captain  Wm.  M.  Venable.  The 
crematories  are  of  Class  4,  as  designated  in  Chapter  IV,  using 
air  to  cool  the  garbage-grates. 

The  following  are  the  crematories  built  by  this  company  and 
its  predecessor: 

Long  Branch,  N.  J.;  Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C.  (U.  S.  Army  Post) ; 
Fort  Brady,  Mich.  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Long  Beach,  N.  Y. 
(Hotel);  Fort  Slocum,  N.  Y.  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Fort  Leaven- 
worth,  Kan.  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Governors  Island,  N.  Y.  (U.  S. 
Army  Post);  Fort  Meyer,  Va.  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Fort  McKin- 
ley,  Maine  (U.  S.  Army  Post);  Fort  Riley,  Kan.  (U.  S.  Army 
Post);  Fort  Barrancas,  Fla.  (U.  S.  Army  Post). 

The  patents  owned  by  this  company  relating  to  crematories 

are  as  follows: 

766,848  1 

766,849 
783,473 
783,475 
783,476 
800,177  j 

Other    applications    of    the   writer   are   allowed.       These 


116  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

patents  cover  various  constructions  intended  to  effect  the 
cooling  of  garbage-receiving  platforms  by  circulating  air 
through  them,  and  the  subsequent  use  of  that  air  within  the 
furnace,  and  other  matters.  Fig.  14  illustrates  the  general 
type  of  furnace  built  by  the  Municipal  Engineering  Company, 
though  later  furnaces  departed  from  this  plan.  The  general 
design  of  the  Sanitary  Engineering  Company  is  shown  in 
Fig.  28.  The  company  builds  two  styles:  Type  J,  which 
is  enclosed  in  a  reinforced  concrete  jacket,  and  Type  H,  which 
is  enclosed  in  a  jacket  of  cast-iron  panels.  The  arrangement 
of  the  interior  of  the  furnace  is  similar  in  the  two  types. 

The  garbage  is  received  into  the  furnace  on  a  floor  of  bars, 
composed  of  hollow  prismatic  castings,  one  fitting  over  the  other 
so  as  to  allow  air  to  pass  between  the  two.  Some  distance  be- 
low these  are  arranged  a  series  of  burning  grates.  Air  is  drawn 
into  the  ash-pits  of  these  burning-grates,  after  previously  passing 
through  the  hollow  bars  above,  where  it  keeps  the  bars  from 
burning  out,  and  at  the  same  time  becomes  heated  before  being 
supplied  to  the  fires.  The  hollow  bars  may  be  rotated  from 
without  the  furnace  to  feed  dried  garbage  or  refuse  to  the 
grates  below,  and  the  draft  for  each  section  of  burning  grate  is 
subject  to  control.  Variations  of  the  design  are  made  to  meet 
particular  cases,  and  to  adapt  it  to  small  installations  as  well 
as  to  large  ones;  but  the  central  ideas  of  heating  the  air  supplied 
for  burning,  and  of  cooling  the  receiving  platform  by  the  same 
air,  is  carried  out  in  all  the  later  designs.  These  crematories 
are  of  Class  4. 

The  builders  named  in  the  foregoing  have  installed  most  of 
the  crematories  in  the  United  States.  But  there  are  many 
other  installations  by  various  builders  that  will  here  receive  a 
briefer  notice,  chiefly  because  only  a  few  of  each  type  have 
been  installed,  so  far  as  the  writer  has  been  able  to  learn. 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.         117 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS.         119 


i    C 


:  c1 


•  c1 : 


FIG.  29. — Vivarttas  Cremating  Furnace. 


1VERS1TY  | 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.         121 


A2 


D1     A1    A 


FIG.  30.— Davis  Garbage  Furnace. 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS.        123 


R=a  /  n=!a  .  1= 

B 

FIG.  31.— Brown  Crematory  Grate  Bar, 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.        125 


FIG.  32.— Brownlee  Garbage  Furnace. 


CREMATORY -BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.        127 

1.  The  "Smith   Vivarttas"   crematories,   at  Scranton,   Pa., 
and  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  are  not  easily  illustrated  because  the  com- 
plication of  passages  cannot  be  shown  in  a  single  drawing. 
Fig.    29  gives   some    idea  of   this  complication.     The    object 
sought  is  to  heat  air  on  its  way  to  the  fires  by  placing  air-passages 
adjoining  flues  for  burnt  gases.    The  patent  number  is  390,922,. 
to  A.  Vivarttas,  dated  Oct.  9,  1888.    It  has  therefore  expired.. 
No  recent  installations  are  known. 

2.  The    "Davis"    crematory    is    illustrated    by    Fig.  30, 
taken  from  patent  No.  462,035,  Oct.  27,  1891.    Crematories  of 
this  type  have  been  built  at  Oil  City,  Pa.,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  and 
Regla    (near    Havana),    Cuba.      No    recent   installations   are 
known.     The   plants   built   depart   somewhat   from    the   con- 
struction  shown   in   the   patent. 

3.  The  "Anderson"  crematory,  at  Chicago,  was  made  by 
converting  a  brick-drying  oven  at  Chicago.     It  is  covered  by 
patent  No.  526,283,  Sept.  18,  1894. 

4.  The    "McKay"    crematory   is   illustrated   by   Fig.    12r 
taken  from  patent  No.  530,623.      One  furnace  of  this  type  was 
built  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  where  it  is  still  in  service,  though 
frequent  replacing  of  the  garbage-grates  is  necessary. 

5.  The  "Brown  "  crematories,  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Wilmington, 
Del.,  and  Washington,  D.  C.,  are  covered  by  patents  No.  501,181, 
537,801,  and  644,966.     They  belong  to  Class  3.     Patent  No. 
644,966  is  of  interest  as  representing  the  only  patented  attempt 
to  make  a  solid  cast-iron  garbage-grate,  exposed  to  fire  on  its 
underside,  resist  the  furnace  temperature  because  of  its  peculiar 
form.     It  is  shown  in  Fig.  31. 

6.  The    "Brownlee"    crematories   are    covered   by    patents 
No.   448,115  and  No.  537,339.     They  belong  to  Class  3.     Mr. 
Brownlee  was  at  one  time  agent  for  the  Engel  Sanitary  and 
Cremation   Company,  in  Texas.      Brownlee  crematories   were 


128  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

built  at  Jamestown,  Texas,  and  Terre  Haute,  Ind.  Fig.  16 
illustrates  one  of  the  two  patents.  There  are  no  recent 
installations. 

7.  The  "  Thackeray  "  incinerators  at  Montreal  and  San  Fran- 
cisco have  been  described  frequently  as  examples  of  the  British 
type  in  America.     The  Thackeray  patents  are  No.  553,574  and 
No.  644,980.      Fig.    33    illustrates    one  of  these.     No   plants 
have   been  erected  recently. 

8.  The    "McGeihan"   incinerator  at   Syracuse,    N.    Y.,    is 
probably  the  only  furnace  in  America  employing  a  rotating 
kiln  to  dry  the  garbage.     The  patents  of  McGeihan  are  No. 
554,453    and   No.  562,845.     Illustration   is   found   in    Fig.  18. 

9.  The  "Wright"  incinerators  at  Chicago  are  of  Class  2. 
Patent    No.    575,088,  applying    to    them,    is    illustrated    in 
4. 

10.  The  "De  La  Chapelle  &  Pearce"  crematories,  covered 
by  patent  No.  577,184,  dated  Feb.  16,  1897,  are  illustrated  in 
Fig.   35.     Representatives    of    this    furnace    were   erected  at 
Evanston  and  Ottawa,  111. 

11.  The  "String fellow  "  furnace,  at  Findlay,  0.,  is  illustrated 
by    Fig.    36,  taken    from    patent  No.  583,663,  granted  June 
1,  1897.     The  furnace  is  of  Class  3,  and  employs  a  garbage- grate 
of  pipes  kept  cool  by  water  circulated  through  them. 

12.  The  "Walker"  patents,  No.  584,434  and  No.  719,946, 
show    the    arrangement   illustrated  in    Fig.  15.      The    licensee 
under  these  patents,  Mr.  Geo.  H.  Pierson,  has  designed  furnaces 
erected  at  McKeesport,  Pa.,  Charlestown,  W.  Va.,  and  Marion, 
O.     These  differ  materially  from  the  arrangement  shown  in  the 
Walker  patent,  especially  in  the  arrangement  of  dampers,  but 
the  feature  of  reversing  the  draft  is  retained.     These  furnaces 
belong  to  Classes  3  and  5. 

13.  "Smead's  "  patents,  No.  607,553  and  No.  691,378,  utilize 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS   AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.        129 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.        131 


n  "V 

-  \:-jf 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.         133 


y////////////^ 

FIG.  35. — De  La  Chapelle  &  Pearce  Garbage  Furnace. 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS.        135 


IP 


CREMATORY -BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.        137 


FIG,  37. — Smead  Garbage  Furnace. 


CREMATORY-BU1LLERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.         139 


CREMATORY -BUILDERS   AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.         141 


17 


19- 
15 


10        1 vffiffi'y/fi//'// 


'13         28  18    8' 
[38     14       19"  33 


•28 


19 


37 


@ 


17 


FIG.  39.— H.  B.  Smith  Garbage  Crematory. 


CREMATORY -BUILDERS  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS.        143 


CREMATORY-BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.        145 


CREMATORY -BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS. 


147 


CREMATORY  .BUILDERS  AND   THEIR  PRODUCTS.         140 

a  grate  revolving  on  a  vertical  axis,  shown  in    Fig.  37.     A 
furnace  built  by  Smead  &  Company  is  reported  at  Toledo,  0. 

14.  The  "Lester  &  Dean  "  furnace  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  is  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  38,  taken   from  patent  No.  658,658.     Mr.  L.  A. 
Dean  also  took  out  patent  No.  675,884.     It  belongs  to  Class  4. 

15.  The   "H.B.  Smith11    crematory   is   illustrated  in    Fig. 
39,  by  the  drawing  from  patent  No.  757,149,  issued  April  12, 
1904.     Crematories  are  reported  to  have  been  erected  under 
this  patent  at  Waterbury,  Conn.,  Scranton,  Pa.,  and  Newport 
News,  Va.     It  belongs  to  Class  4. 

16.  The    "Stearns"  refuse- destructor  was  erected  in  New 
York.     Patent  No.  772;  681,  issued  Oct,  18,  1904,  applying  to 
it  is  illustrated  in   Fig.  40,  but  a  single  sheet  of  these  patent 
drawings  cannot  convey  a  very  clear  idea  of  the  arrangement. 

17.  The  "Wisehgel,"  patent  No.  803,650,  is  shown  in  Fig. 
41.     It  belongs  to  Class  4.     A  furnace  under  this  patent  has 
recently   been    installed    at    Jacksonville,   Fla.,   in  connection 
with  a  reduction  plant. 

Besides  these  types  listed  above  the  following  installations 
are  reported,  regarding  which  the  writer  has  not  sufficient  data 
to  make  even  a  short  description. 

18.  The  "Smith    Siemans"  furnaces  at  Muncie,  Ind.,  and 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 

19.  The  "Rider"  furnaces  at  Allegheny  and  Pittsburg,  Pa0 

20.  The  "Burns  "  incinerator  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

The  refuse-destructor,  designed  by  Mr.  Parsons  for  the  34th 
Street  refuse-sorting  station,  is  referred  to  elsewhere  in  this  book. 

Of  the  plants  instanced  in  the  foregoing  many  are  now  out  of 
service  or  abandoned.  The  names  are  arranged  in  order  of 
dates  of  the  patents  issued. 

21.  "  U.  S.  Army  "  crematories  (Fig.  42)  at  various  army 
posts.     None  operating  now. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

BRITISH    PRACTICE,   AND    BURNING    REFUSE    FOR    STEAM 
PRODUCTION. 

IF  the  collection  of  garbage,  refuse,  and  ashes  in  a  single 
receptacle  and  their  destruction  in  one  furnace  can  be  shown  to 
be  more  sanitary  and  more  economical  than  separate  collection 
and  disposal,  it  must  be  admitted  that  British  destructors  are  in 
advance  of  American  crematories  on  the  road  to  the  final  solu- 
tion of  the  problem  of  refuse  disposal ;  but  if  the  separate  system 
of  collection  is  to  be  adopted  finally  in  America,  it  may  well  be 
doubted  whether  destructors  of  British  type  will  ever  come  into 
extensive  use  here.  For  in  the  design  of  crematories  to  burn 
garbage  only  we  are  certainly  ahead  of  Great  Britain;  and  Amer- 
ican plants  for  disposing  of  refuse,  unmixed  with  ashes,  cannot 
be  pronounced  generally  inferior  to  the  British  plants  for  burn- 
ing mixed  wastes. 

The  writer  has  elsewhere  expressed  the  opinion  that  separate 
collection  of  garbage,  refuse,  and  ashes  is  preferable,  from  every 
point  of  view,  whether  the  final  disposition  is  to  be  burning  of 
all  or  only  a  part  of  them;  that  the  garbage  can  be  more  eco- 
nomically burned  in  one  furnace,  the  refuse  in  another,  and  the 
cinders  in  another,  provided  the  quantities  are  large;  and  that 
the  problem  of  the  economy  of  reburning  cinders  should  be  con- 
sidered on  its  own  merits,  without  being  joined  to  that  of  de- 
stroying other  refuse. 

In  America,  at  present,  the  reburning  of  cinders  to  recover 

150 


BURNING  REFUSE  FOR  STEAM   PRODUCTION.  151 

the  heat  not  developed  on  first  burning  of  coal  is  not  likely  to 
meet  with  general  adoption,  and  the  problem  to  be  determined 
by  most  municipalities  is  not,  shall  there  be  two  systems  of 
collection,  but  shall  there  be  three. 

The  refuse-destructors  in  the  United  States,  where  refuse  is 
sorted  on  a  large  scale  and  only  the  worthless  burned,  are  fed 
with  refuse  that  contains  no  garbage  and  no  cinders,  or  only  very 
small  amounts  of  either,  accidentally  or  carelessly  introduced, 
and  they  are  no  more  to  be  likened  to  British  destructors  than 
are  our  crematories  for  garbage  only. 

American  crematories  are  intended  primarily  to  destroy  the 
kitchen  garbage  and  swill,  and  though  they  also  burn  refuse, 
they  seldom  also  undertake  to  reburn  ashes  and  cinders.  Gar- 
bage and  refuse  are  often  brought  to  them  in  separate  carts,  and 
not  mixed  until  dumped  into  the  furnaces,  separate  parts  of  the 
furnaces  being  not  infrequently  used  for  each. 

Bearing  these  conditions  and  practices  in  mind,  we  may 
study  British  methods  with  profit  without  being  likely  to  mis- 
apply conclusions  of  British  authors  and  builders,  but  still  willing 
to  adopt  their  methods  of  a  common  system  of  collection  and 
disposal  of  all  kinds  of  wastes  wrherever  it  can  be  shown  to  be 
advantageous. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  W.  F.  Goodrich,  A.  I.  Mech.  E.,  for 
the  most  available  information  on  refuse  destruction  in  Great 
Britain,  Mr.  Goodrich  having  written  two  books  on  this  subject. 
In  America,  Col.  W.  F.  Morse  has  written  many  magazine  ar- 
ticles on  this  problem.  It  should  also  be  noted  that  Mr.  Good- 
rich is  the  author  of  several  publications  distributed  as  trade 
literature  by  Meldrum  Bros.,  Ltd.,  one  of  the  largest  builders  of 
refuse-destructors  in  Great  Britain,  and  that  Col.Morse  has  been 
for  many  years  the  American  representative  of  the  same  com- 
pany. Meldrum  Bros,  control  the  "Meldrum"  and  the  "Bea- 


152  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

man  and  Deas  "  patents.  To  one  who  is  obliged  to  form  an 
idea  of  the  relative  importance  of  British  destructor  companies 
by  reading  technical  journals,  it  appears  that  Meldrum  Bros, 
and  The  Horsf all  Destructor  Company  (of  Leeds)  are  the  leaders, 
though  several  other  companies  have  put  up  very  creditable 
plants.  A  list  of  British  destructors  patented  in  the  United 
States  will  be  found  on  page  146. 

The  following  data,  taken  from  a  circular  of  Meldrum  Bros., 
and  relating  to  tests  of  a  destructor  installed  by  them  at  Nelson, 
Lancashire,  are  of  interest  as  representing  the  best  results  in 
steam  raising  that  can  be  hoped  for  under  good  conditions  in 
Great  Britain: 

"Mean  Temperatures. — The  estimated  mean  temperatures 
on  the  two  days  were  2634  and  3326  degrees  F.  and  nickel, 
melting  at  2640  degrees  F.,  was  fused  when  held  in  the  flame.  .  .  . 

"  Quality  of  Refuse. — The  refuse  consumed  at  Nelson  was 
taken  from  exposed  ash-pits,  and  consisted  principally  of  cinders 
and  kitchen  refuse;  offal  from  the  slaughter-houses  was  also 
burnt  in  this  destructor,  but  in  view  of  the  nature  of  this  fuel 
being  totally  different  from  that  burnt  during  the  rest  of  the 
time,  it  W7as  considered  advisable  not  to  complicate  matters  by 
burning  this  offal  during  the  test.  It  may  here  be  mentioned 
that  refuse  of  this  nature  is  shot  into  the  extreme  end  of  the 
combustion-chamber,  so  that  noxious  gases  which  would  be 
generated  have  to  pass  over  four  furnaces,  whose  fuel  is  on  such 
occasions  purposely  well  burnt  through.  .  .  . 

"Date  of  Tests. — The  trials  were  carried  out  on  Tuesday  and 
Wednesday,  the  13th  and  14th  January,  1903.  The  refuse  was 
weighed  on  entering  the  premises.  A  sufficient  quantity  to  last 
for  nearly  three  hours'  run  was  tipped  into  the  bin  and  was 
burnt  up  before  the  next  lot  was  tipped.  The  two  days'  trial, 
therefore,  consisted  of  a  series  of  six  short  ones  which  could  be 
compared  amongst  themselves." 


BURNING  REFUSE  FOR  STEAM  PRODUCTION. 


153 


TABLE  I. 


Dates  of  trial. 


Time  of  trial 

Duration  of  trials,  hours 

Boiler  pressure  mean,  Ibs 

Corresponding  temperature,  degrees  F 

Refuse  burnt  during  trial,  Ibs 

Refuse  burnt  per  hour,  Ibs 

Feed-water  supply  during  trial,  Ibs 

per  hour,    Ibs 

per  Ib.  of  fuel,  Ibs 

Moisture  in  steam,  per  cent 

Temperature  of  feed,  degrees  F 

Evaporation  per  Ib.  of  fuel  from  and  at  212°  F., 
including  steam-jets,  Ibs 


Tuesday. 
13-1-03 
10—5.45 

7.75 
135.1 
358.2 
45,416 
5,837 
63,723 
8,191 
1.419 
1.07 
37.3 

1.698 


Wednesday. 
14-1-03 
9.35—6.35 

9.00 
134.2 
357.8 
43,400 
4,822 
67,485 
7,498 
1-555 
1.034 
35.3 

1.877 


TABLE  II. 

MEAN  CORRECTED  GAS  ANALYSIS  (VOLUMETRIC). 


Atmosphere. 

Tuesday. 

Wednesday. 

Nitrogen,  N2.  . 

79.080% 

79  .  525% 

79  888^ 

Oxygen,  O2  

20.880 

8.140 

5  836 

Carbonic  acid,  CO2  
Carbon  monoxide  

.040 

12.205 
.130 

14.233 
.043 

Total  

100.000 

100.000 

100.000 

OTHER  ANALYSES. 

Carbon  in  ashes,  etc.,  % 

Mean  ratio  of  moisture  to  CO2  in  waste  gases.  .  .  . 
Estimated  steam  (jets)  per  Ib.  of  refuse 

COMPOSITION  OF  FUEL  CALCULATED  FROM  ABOVE  DATA. 

Carbon  (burnt) 21 .33% 

Carbon  (in  ashes) 4. 17 


Tuesday. 
11.44 

.7549 
16.22 


Wednesday. 
17.69 

.5479 
18.70 


Total  carbon  in  fuel.  . 

Moisture 

Mineral  matter. 


Total  refuse 

Additional  steam  by  jets.  .. 
Air,  including  moisture.  .  .. 


Total 

Less  ashes,  etc.,  in  furnace  and  flues. 


Difference  being  weight  of  waste  products  per  100 
Ibs.  refuse. .  . 


25.50 
35.00 
39.18 

100.00 

16.22 

422.73 

538.95 
43.35 


495.60 


31.58% 
5.70 

37.28 
30.53 
31.50 

100.00 

18.70 

542.46 

661 . 16 
37.16 


624.00 


154  GARBAGE   CREMATORIES. 

ESTIMATED  CALORIFIC  VALUE  OF  FUEL. 

Calorific  value  of  total  fuel,  B.T.U 3473  5411 

"     "       "      evaporated  units.  ...         35.95  5.601 

Ditto  lesa  unburnt  carbon,  B.T.U 2867  4582 

FURNACE  TEMPERATURES. 

Heat  supply.     Combustion  of  fuel,  B.T.U 2867  4583 

Hot  air 271  436 

Steam-blast.  .                                          23  26 


Total  heat  supply,  B.T.U 3161  5045 


Heat  capacity  of  gases,  per  Ib.  of  fuel 1 .3059  1 .6058 

Furnace  temperature,  degrees  F .2498  .3208 

If  we  assume  the  specific  heat  of  steam  to  be  0.6  instead  of  0.48,  as  assumed 
above,  the  furnace  temperatures  are  respectively  2370  and  3100°  F. 

Copper  melted   (1980°  F.)  easily.     Nickel  melted  (2640°  F.)  slowly. 

Downtake  temperature  (electric  pyrometer) 1388°   F. 

Waste  gases  entering  air-heater 909.0  917.0 

"     leaving  air-heater 610.2  680.0 


Mean  fall  of  temperature,  degrees  F. 298.8  236.9 

Air  entering  air-heater,  degrees  F. 57.3  65.4 

Air  leaving  air-heater,  degrees  F. 315. 7  336 . 9 

Mean  rise  of  temperature,  degrees  F 268.4  271 .5 

Wet-bulb  thermometer,  degrees  F 47.6  51 .2 

Estimated  moisture  in  air,  degrees  F. 0.419  0.383 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  feed- water  supplied  during  test  was 
between  1.499  and  1.555  pounds  per  pound  of  refuse  burned; 
or,  since  a  good  American  coal  will  evaporate  some  10  pounds  of 
water  per  pound  of  coal,  under  good  arrangements  of  boiler,  etc., 
that  the  refuse  is  equivalent  in  fuel  value  to  about  15%  of  its 
weight  of  coal. 

But  as  some  of  the  steam  was  used  for  forced  draft  (see 
Balance  Sheet  of  Heat  Expenditure),  the  actual  comparative 
value  of  the  refuse  as  fuel  was  about  13J%  that  of  coal. 

Again,  referring  to  the  calculated  composition  of  the  refuse, 
we  find  that  the  carbon  burnt  was  21.33%  to  31.58%  of  the 


BURNING  REFUSE  FOR  STEAM  PRODUCTION. 

BALANCE  SHEET  OF  HEAT  EXPENDITURE. 


155 


Tuesday 

Wednesday. 

B  T.  U. 

B.T.U. 

Per 
Cent. 

Per 

Cent. 

B.T.U. 

B.T  U. 

Per 

Cent. 

Per 
Cent. 

Steam  (useful)  
Steam-blast  

ioo 

1479 

5.53 

42.57 

220' 

1593 

4.07 

29.45 

Less  heating  to  358°  F 

23 

.67 

26 

.48 

167 

4.86 

194 

3.59 

Warming  waste  pro- 
ducts   incl.    steam 

and  moisture  from 

atmospheric  temp. 

Heat  carried  up  chim- 
ney   

722 

889 
778 

20.73 

25.59 

985 

1179 

147 

828 

975 

1179 

975 

18.19 

21.78 

21.78 
18.02 

889 

172 
606 

778 

25.59 

Heat  in  ashes  
Unconsumed  carbon. 

Lost  with  ashes  

5.00 
17.40 

22.41 

2.72 
15.30 

18.02 

22.41 

Radiation  and  losses 

unaccounted  for.  .  . 
Calorific  Value  of  Fuel 

327 



9.43 

1644 



30.75 

3473 

...;. 

100.00 

5411 



100.00 

original  total  weight;  while  the  waste  (chimney)  products  were 
495.6%  to  624%.  The  ratio  of  these  percentages  is  4.3%  to 
5%.  This  and  other  data  in  the  table  (the  oxygen  in  the 
chimney  gases)  show  that  the  burning  has  been  accomplished 
with  fair  economy  in  the  amount  of  air  introduced  into  the  fur- 
nace, though  the  economy  is  not  as  good  as  where  good  coal  only 
is  burned. 

The  presence  of  37.5%  of  carbon,  31.5%  of  mineral  matter, 
and  only  30.5%  of  moisture  shows  that  the  material  consisted 
very  largely  of  ashes  and  cinders,  wet  by  absorbing  water  from 
garbage  dumped  into  the  ash-cans.  Assuming  that  the  water  all 
originated  from  -this  source  and  that  it  comprised  80%  of  the 
garbage  (for  this  includes  water  in  chemical  combination,  as 


156  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

well  as  free),  the  garbage  would  have  been  38%  of  the  total,  and 
the  carbon  in  the  cinders  some  30%  of  the  total  weight. 

The  percentage  of  carbon  in  the  ash-heaps  (garbage  being 
eliminated)  must  have  been  in  the  neighborhood  of  50%. 
Since  the  ashes  were  exposed  to  the  weather,  however,  it  seems 
probable  that  the  proportion  of  garbage  was  much  less,  and 
that  the  moisture  was  due  to  rainwater  absorbed. 

Normally,  the  weight  of  garbage  in  England  is  less  than 
20%  of  the  weight  of  ashes  produced  by  a  given  community. 
Therefore  this  set  of  tests  represents  not  how  much  power  can 
be  derived  from  garbage,  but  how  much  power  can  be  recovered 
from.reburning  ashes,  if  they  are  allowed  to  be  contaminated 
by  garbage  by  employing  a  single-collection  system. 

The  following  record  of  a  test  on  a  destructor  built  by  Man- 
love,  Alliot  &  Company,  Ltd.,  is  taken  from  Mr.  Goodrich's 
book.  The  names  of  the  parties  conducting  the  test  are  not 
given.  Babcock  and  Wilcox  boilers  were  used. 

EVAPORATIVE   TESTS   AT   SHOREDITCH   DESTRUCTOR  AND   ELECTRICITY   WORKS. 
Test  No.  /.—Duration,  5  hours,  8  A.M.  to  1  P.M.,  January  10,  1899. 

Total  water  evaporated  from  and  at  212°  F 72,220  Ibs. 

Total  refuse  burned 75,092  Ibs. 

Refuse  burned  per  hour 15,018.4  Ibs. 

Refuse  burned  per  cell  per  hour 1 ,501  Ibs. 

(13  cwts.,  1  qt.,  17  Ibs.) 

Number  of  cells  in  use 10 

Number  of  boilers  in  use 5 

Water  evaporated  per  hour 14,445  Ibs. 

Water  evaporated  per  boiler  per  hour 2,889  Ibs. 

I.H.P.  per  boiler  per  hour,  taking  20  Ibs.  steam  per  I.H.P. 

per  hour 144  I.H.P 

Water  evaporated  per  Ib.  of  refuse  burned  from  and  at 

212°  F 96  Ibs. 

Test  No.  II. — Duration,  5  hours,  3  P.M.  to  8  P.M. 

Total  water  evaporated 108,319  Ibs. 

Water  evaporated  per  hour 21,663.8  Ibs. 

Number  of  cells  in  use 10 


BURNING  REFUSE  FOR  STEAM  PRODUCTION.          157 


pz— : 


P 

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e1  f  T 


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. 

t 

jE 

• 

c—  W 

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t 

it 


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FIG.  43.— Meldrum  Furnace. 


BURNING  REFUSE  FOR  STEAM  PRODUCTION. 


159 


REFUSE  DISPOSAL  IN  LONDON  SANITARY  DISTRICTS. 

Total  refuse  burned 60,700  Ibs. 

Refuse  burned  per  hour 12,140  Ibs. 

Refuse  burned  per  cell  per  hour 1,214  Ibs. 

(lOcwts.,  3  qts.,  10  Ibs.) 

Total  Welsh  coal  used  (Powell  Duffryn] 6,272  Ibs. 

Number  of  boilers  in  use 5 

Coal  fired  per  hour 1254.4  Ibs. 

Coal  fired  per  boiler  per  hour 250.9  Ibs. 

ANALYSIS  OF  REFUSE  PER  YEAR  ENDING  JUNE,  1898. 

. 

Tons.          Cwts.  Qts.  Lbs. 

Domestic  refuse 23,137  500 

Trade  refuse,  straw,  paper,  tan,  market 

refuse,  etc 2,257  9               2               14 

Wood-chips  about 10  0               0                 0 

25,404          14  2  14 

ANALYSIS  OF  COSTS  OF  REFUSE  DESTRUCTION,  YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1898. 

Total  quantity  of  refuse  destroyed 25,404  tons. 

Coal  per  ton  for  actual  burning,  including  4  furnace  men,  3  top  men, 

and  1  foreman 15 . 98 

Ditto  supervision  and  clerical  staff 2 . 50 

Cleaners  and  yardmen 6 . 23 

Repairs 0.45 

Stores,  etc 1 .23 

24.39 

YEAR  ENDING  MARCH  25,  1899. 

Total  amount  of  refuse  destroyed 26,201  tons. 

Cost  of  burning 110.20 

Cost  of  supervision,  etc 1 . 86 

Cost  of  cleaners  and  yardmen 3 . 27 

Cost  of  repairs 1 . 50 

Cost  of  stores  and  sundries 2.07 

26.90 
1$  d.  per  ton  burned  for  repairs  gives  a  total  of  £163  15s.  l$d.  for  the  year. 


160  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

DISPOSAL  OF  TOWNS'  REFUSE. 

Electric  energy  absorbed  in  one  year  in  the  burning  and  handling  of  refuse. 

Units  per  Ton. 

Electric  fans 4.0 

Electric  fans,  total  units  used 84,804  B.T.U. 

Electric  lifts  and  tipping-trucks 0.5 

Total  units  used  by  destructor ' 031,348  B.T.U. 

Total  energy  metered  out  to  consumers,  including  131,140 

B.T.U.  supplied  to  refuse-destructor 1,031,348 

Coal  consumed  value  £1308  14s.  8d 1 ,344  tons 

Refuse  burned 26,201  tons. 

It  is  of  considerable  interest  to  look  into  comparative  figures  of  refuse  and 
coal  used  during  the  year  ending  March  25,  1899. 

Firstly,  1344  tons  equal  3,010,560  Ibs.  of  Welsh  coal;  this  should,  under 
good  conditions,  evaporate  10  Ibs.  of  water  per  Ib.  of  fuel,  equal  30,105,600  Ibs. 
of  water  evaporated. 

Secondly,  if  we  take  the  refuse  consumed  during  the  same  period  58,690,240 
Ibs.,  and  if,  for  the  purpose  of  argument,  we  allow  an  evaporation  of  1  Ib.  of  water 
per  Ib.  of  refuse,  we  have  the  following  very  significant  comparative  figure?. 

Pounds   of   Water 
Evaporated. 

26,201  tons  of  refuse  equal 58,690,240 

1,344  tons  of  Welsh  coal 30,105,600 

Thus  one  year's  coal  consumption,  burned  under  good  conditions,  would 
-give  more  than  half  as  much  steam  as  a  year's  supply  of  refuse,  even  assuming 
an  average  evaporation  of  1  Ib.  of  water  per  Ib.  of  refuse. 

The  question  is,  does  it  pay?  Undoubtedly,  where  the  col- 
lection system  is  established  and  cannot  be  changed,  it  should 
be  undertaken.  Where  there  is  liberty  of  choice,  the  problem 
must  be  solved  according  to  the  special  conditions  of  the  case. 
This  American  method  of  applying  separate  treatment  to 
various  wastes,  involving  separate  collection,  does  not  in  the 
slightest  detract  from  the  credit  due  to  British '  engineers 
for  solving  sanitary  problems  under  the  conditions  obtaining  in 
Great  Britain;  but  it  shows  the  unfairness  of  criticism  by  British 
authorities  of  the  American  method  of  separate  treatment,  and 
the  untruth  of  the  oft-repeated  statement  that  American  meth- 


BURNING  REFUSE  FOR  STEAM  PRODUCTION.  161 

ods  of  disposal  are  less  economical  than  British,  because  we  have 
many  garbage  crematories  that  make  no  effort  to  generate 
steam. 

If  cinders  constitute  50%  of  ash-bin  refuse,  and  if  the  refuse 
leaves  30%  of  its  original  weight  in  ashes  and  clinker  after  incin- 
eration, and  refuse  produces  as  much  steam  as  10%  of  its 
weight  of  coal,  at  15  cents  per  ton  to  stoke,  we  have  the 
following : 

Cost  to  stoke  10  tons  of  refuse $1.50 

Expense  of  removing  3  tons  of  ash $1.50  to  $4.50 

Cost  of  stoking  and  removal $3.00  to  $6.00 

for  each  10  tons  of  ashes  reburned. 

This  will  usually  be  found  to  exceed  the  cost  of  one  ton  of 
coal  and  stoking  in  America;  and  it  must  be  remembered  that 
the  objections  due  to  the  steam-power  not  being  under  the 
same  control  as  where  coal  is  being  burned,  and  that  of  the 
equipment  being  more  costty  than  for  coal,  have  still  to  be 
considered.  For  these  reasons  it  seems  unlikely  that  American 
cities  will  reburn  ash-bin  refuse,  except  in  those  cases  where 
the  disposal  of  the  resulting  ash  can  be  accomplished  at 
small  expense.  In  the  smaller  cities  it  is  not  believed  that 
the  system  will  be  found  profitable,  except  in  very  rare 
instances. 

While  in  America  the  reburning  of  cinders  is  not  commonly 
practiced,  the  burning  of  refuse  for  power  purposes  is  becoming 
more  general,  several  large  plants  having  been  in  operation  for 
this  purpose  for  some  time.  Usually  the  burning  is  preceded 
by  sorting,  the  more  valuable  components  of  the  refuse  being 
picked  out  and  laid  aside  for  sale;  but  in  some  cases 
refuse-destructors  have  been  installed  to  burn  unsorted  wastes, 


162  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

and  to  develop  steam  for  power  or  heating  purposes;  and 
such  furnaces  will  undoubtedly  become  more  numerous  in 
future. 

One  of  the  best  known  of  these  sorting  and  incinerating 
plants  is  at  Boston,  Mass.  It  was  built  in  1898  by  the  City 
Refuse  Utilization  Company,  which  has  a  contract  with  the 
city  of  Boston,  by  which  it  receives  $5500  per  year  plus  the 
material  sorted  at  the  plant,  which  is  sold.  The  station  was 
designed  by  Col.  Morse  and  Mr.  Boulger,  with  the  assistance  of 
Mr.  H.  D.  Hooker,  architect.  The  steam  raised  is  used  only  in 
operating  the  machinery  employed  in  sorting  the  waste  and  in 
feeding  it  to  the  furnace.  The  furnace  proper  is  of  the  Morse- 
Boulger  type,  elsewhere  described. 

The  refuse-sorting  and  destructor  station  built  at  47th  Street 
and  the  Hudson  River,  New  York,  is  another  instance  of  a 
plant  where  sorting  is  done,  accompanied  by  incineration  of  the 
worthless  residue  with  the  reproduction  of  power.  In  this  case 
some  power  is  available  for  electric  lighting  after  that  necessary 
to  run  the  plant  itself  has  been  supplied.  This  station  was 
designed  by  Mr.  H.  de  B.  Parsons  of  New  York. 

As  has  been  stated  elsewhere  in  this  work,  when  garbage  or 
refuse  is  properly  burned,  cremated,  or  incinerated, — whatever 
term  is  employed  to  describe  the  process, — the  gases  leaving 
the  furnace  should  never  be  lower  in  temperature  than  1200°  F., 
and  they  may  rise  to  2000°  F.,  or  even  3000°  F.  If  the  material 
has  not  sufficient  available  fuel  to  produce  these  temperatures 
in  burning,  enough  other  fuel  must  be  added  to  produce  them; 
otherwise  an  offensive  odor  will  be  emitted  from  the  furnace. 
The  amount  of  fuel  so  required  does  not  depend  at  all  upon 
whether  a  boiler  is  installed  between  the  crematory  and  the 
stack;  consequently,  in  a  crematory  properly  constructed  and 
operated  there  is  always  heat  available  for  raising  steam.  The 


BURNING  REFUSE  FOR  STEAM  PRODUCTION.          165 

question  to  be  solved,  then,  is  this :  Is  there  a  sufficient  market 
readily  available  for  the  steam  so  generated,  when  the  circum- 
stances under  which  it  is  generated  are  taken  into  account? 

A  destructor's  primary  duty  is  to  consume  the  refuse  promptly. 
This  means  that  the  firing  must  be  done,  not  with  a  view  to 
raising  steam  when  steam  is  most  needed  and  banking  fires  at 
other  times,  but  with  the  purpose  of  consuming  the  refuse  as 
rapidly  as  it  is  brought  to  the  furnace.  This  is  especially  true 
wherever  the  refuse  is  very  low  in  fuel  value.  Consequently,  a 
refuse-destructor  is  capable  of  producing  steam  at  hours  when 
steam  is  not  most  wanted,  and  often  fails  to  produce  adequate 
amounts  during  rush  hours.  Obviously  this  is  a  very  serious 
handicap,  which  can  only  be  overcome  in  two  ways: 

(a)  By  employing  an  auxiliary  steam-boiler  fired  by  coal  to 
make  up  the  deficiency  when  the  demand  is  excessive,  and 
wasting  the  surplus  steam  when  the  demand  is  light;  and 

(6)  By  employing  some  storage  device  for  power  generated, 
such  as  storage-batteries  in  the  electrical-distribution  system 
employed  for  useful  power. 

Both  of  these  methods  involve  the  installation  of  a  much 
more  expensive  plant  than  is  necessary  where  a  high-grade  fuel 
is  burned;  and,  in  consequence,  the  utilization  of  heat  from  a 
refuse-furnace  will  be  advisable  or  not,  according  to  whether  the 
price  of  coal  or  other  fuel  is  high  or  low,  and  whether  money  for 
such  investment  is  easy  or  difficult  to  secure. 

In  general,  however,  the  installation  of  a  boiler  plant  with  a 
crematory  will  usually  pay  if  there  is  a  real  use  for  the  power 
available,  especially  in  those  installations  where  skilled  attend- 
ance must  be  had,  whether  a  boiler  be  used  in  connection  with 
the  crematory  or  not. 

A  word  should  be  added  regarding  the  advisability  of  reburn- 
ing  ashes  from  house  collections  in  large  cities  under  some  cir- 


166  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

cumstances,  even  when  the  power  developed  may  not  be  worth 
the  cost  of  stoking.  If  the  destructor  is  located  so  as  to  make 
the  haul  to  it  very  much  less  than  to  the  nearest  point  where 
ashes  can  be  disposed  of  by  filling,  it  will  be  profitable  to  reduce 
the  quantity  to  be  hauled  by  burning  all  that  is  collected  and 
hauling  away  the  ashes  only — that  is,  reducing  the  weight  of 
ashes  to  be  hauled  the  long  distance  to  about  one-third  of  the 
total  quantity  collected. 

For  example,  assume  that  in  a  given  district  the  collection  of 
ashes  costs,  on  an  average,  $1.00  a  ton,  and  the  hauling  it  to  a 
distant  dumping- ground,  where  it  is  disposed  of  without  profit, 
SI. 50  per  ton,  making  the  total  cost  for  collecting  and  disposal 
$2.50  per  ton.  If  a  destructor  can  be  installed  at  some  place 
near  or  in  the  collection  district  to  which  the  haul  will  be  50 
cents  per  ton,  if  the  operation  of  the  destructor  costs,  including 
interest  and  depreciation,  25  cents  per  ton,  and  if  the  hauling 
of  the  ashes  not  consumed  by  the  destructor  to  the  dumping- 
ground  costs  $1.50  per  ton,  the  total  cost  of  disposal  with  the 
use  of  the  incinerator  will  be,  per  ton,  as  follows : 

Collection $1.00 

Haul  to  destructor 50 

Incineration 25 

Haul  from  incinerator,  J  ton. 50 


Total $2.25 

Prom  which  it  appears  that  incineration  would  be  cheaper,  and 
that  any  power  available  for  other  purposes  would  be  a  clear 
profit.  With  coal  at  $4.00  per  ton,  and  ash-bin  refuse  capable 
of  producing  10%  as  much  steam  as  the  same  weight  of  coal, 
the  fuel  value  per  ton  of  refuse  is  40  cents,  and  the  saving  by 
installing  the  destructor  would  be,  in  this  case,  65  cents  per  ton. 


BURNING  REFUSE  FOR  STEAM  PRODUCTION.  167 

It  should  be  remarked,  however,  that  the  incinerating  plant 
is  seldom  located,  or  seldom  can  be  located,  so  as  to  effect  such 
saving  in  haul ;  and  that  usually  the  haul  to  the  incinerator  is 
practically  equal  to  the  haul  to  the  dump,  the  haul  from  the 
incinerator  to  the  dump  being  an  added  expense. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

MATERIALS  AND  METHODS  OF  CONSTRUCTION. 

ALL  materials  of  construction  are  liable  to  expansion  when 
subjected  to  heat,  and,  with  the  range  in  temperature  employed 
in  a  crematory,  expansion  is  a  very  important  matter,  as  it  may 
cause  weakening  of  the  furnace,  unless  provision  is  made  to 
prevent  that. 

High-grade  fire-brick  should  have  a  very  low  coefficient  of 
expansion.  The  expansion  of  chimney  linings  is  stated  by  H. 
N.  BrickerhofT  (Eng.  Rec.,  Vol.  29,  p.  400)  to  be  from  0  to  2  or 
3  inches  in  75  feet  height.  As  a  rule,  the  harder  burned  the 
brick  the  less  its  coefficient  of  expansion.  The  coefficient  of 
expansion  of  ordinary  brick  is  about  .000,005.  The  coefficient 
of  expansion  of  common  cast  iron  is  .000,0062.  This  would 
make  an  expansion  of  about  one-third  inch  in  a  grate-bar  5  feet 
long,  heated  from  ordinary  temperature  to  a  red  heat.  Steel  has 
about  the  same  coefficient  of  expansion,  and  concrete  practically 
the  same  at  ordinary  temperatures.  This  is  one  reason  why 
properly  reinforced  concrete  does  not  ordinarily  crack,  or  the 
steel  loosen  from  the  concrete  by  longitudinal  expansion. 

If  a  fire-brick  lining  is  bonded  into  a  common  brick  outer 
wall,  the  expansion  of  the  lining  subject  to  intense  heat  should 
not  be  any  greater  than  that  of  the  wall,  or  it  will  cause  the  wall 
to  crack.  It  is  practically  impossible  to  prevent  common  brick 
walls  from  being  cracked  by  the  expansion  of  the  fire-brick* 
lining  in  a  long  furnace,  if  the  lining  is  laid  with  tight  joints 

168 


MATERIALS  AND  METHODS  OF  CONSTRUCTION.        169 

and  bonded  into  the  outer  wall.  This  is  a  serious  fault  of  most 
brick  furnaces. 

An  air-space  may  be  provided  between  the  fire-brick  lining 
and  the  wall  of  common  brick,  or  of  reinforced  concrete,  to 
allow  freedom  of  expansion.  This  involves  the  making  of  the 
fire-brick  lining  practically  self-supporting 

When  the  crematory  consists  of  an  iron  shell  with  a  fire- 
brick lining  in  contact  with  the  iron,  the  iron,  though  moderately 
heated,  may  expand  at  the  same  rate  as  the  brick,  which  is 
intensely  heated  on  its  inner  surface,  so  that  no  space  for  expan- 
sion may  be  necessary. 

The  fire-brick  lining  of  a  crematory  is  relied  on  to  keep  the 
heat  from  escaping  from  the  furnace.  It  should  be  thick 
enough  to  accomplish  this — in  a  municipal  plant  nowhere  less 
than  9  inches,  which  is  the  length  of  a  common  fire-brick.  The 
brick  should  have  as  small  a  coefficient  of  expansion,  as  small 
heat  conductivity,  and  as  much  mechanical  strength  and 
toughness  as  possible;  and  it  should  be  able  to  stand  2500°  F. 
to  3000°  F.  without  incipient  fusion.  Much  fire-brick  fuses  at 
a  lower  temperature  than  this,  and  usually  bricks  that  will 
stand  very  high  temperature  are  not  strong  enough  to  stand 
the  mechanical  wear  to  which  they  may  be  subjected  in  a  cre- 
matory. Special  blocks  should  be  made  for  feed-hole  linings, 
door  arches,  and  all  places  where  peculiar  forms  are  necessary. 
Special  care  should  be  taken  in  laying  the  brick,  to  see  that 
joints  are  entirely  filled  with  fire-clay,  but  that  they  are  as  thin 
as  is  possible  to  make  them.  Fire-clay  joints  invariably  shrink 
after  laying;  and  the  bricks  should  be  laid  as  close  as  if  no 
clay  were  used,  only  the  interstices,  which  would  otherwise  be 
open,  being  filled  with  clay,  so  that,  although  the  clay  shrinks, 
the  wall  will  not. 

Two  crematories  of  the  same  design,  but  of  different  sizes, 


170  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

may  be  assumed  to  have  capacities  for  destroying  refuse  propor- 
tional to  their  respective  sizes;  but  the  part  to  be  used  as  a 
basis  for  comparing  sizes  is  different  in  different  designs.  For 
example,  in  furnaces  of  Class  2  we  may  take  the  area  of  burning- 
grate  as  the  criterion,  and  dispose  of  30,  40,  50,  or  60  pounds 
of  garbage  per  square  foot  of  grate  area  (the  precise  figures 
depending  upon  the  particular  design,  the  draft,  etc.);  the 
stronger  the  draft,  the  greater  the  capacity  per  square  foot; 
or  in  furnaces  of  Class  3  we"  may  make  the  area  of  the  garbage 
floors  the  criterion,  and  dispose  of  so  many  pounds  of  garbage 
per  square  foot  of  floor-space:  but  the  capacity  of  square  foot 
depends  upon  the  temperature  applied.  Thus  we  see  that  rela- 
tive size  is  only  a  fair  criterion  for  furnaces  operating  at  the 
same  temperature  and  in  the  same  way.  A  very  large  furnace, 
a  considerable  portion  of  which  is  not  very  hot,  would  not  dis- 
pose of  as  much  garbage  as  a  small  furnace  in  which  there  is 
an  intense  heat;  and,  in  burning  refuse,  an  intense  heat  would 
be  useless  unless  there  were  also  a  considerable  volume  of  air 
admitted  in  the  proper  places. 

The  size  of  the  combustion-chamber,  or  chambers,  must  be 
large  enough  to  complete  the  combustion  thoroughly  before  the 
gases  pass  to  the  outer  flue,  both  to  prevent  odors  and  to  secure 
uniform  temperature  of  the  chimney  gases. 

In  Goodrich's  book  on  refuse  cremation,  considerable  space 
is  given  to  a  discussion  of  the  quantity  of  refuse  destroyed  per 
square  foot  of  grate  area.  The  discussion  there  given  should 
be  understood  to  apply  only  to  furnaces  of  Class  2. 

The  problem  of  drying  garbage  upon  a  platform  or  set  of 
grates  in  a  crematory  is  very  similar  to  the  problem  of  evaporat- 
ing water  in  a  steam-boiler,  though  the  difficulties  in  securing 
an  efficient  mechanical  construction  in  a  crematory  are  greater 
than  in  a  boiler. 


MATERIALS  AND  METHODS   OF  CONSTRUCTION.         171 

In  a  boiler  we  aim  to  secure,  primarily : 

(1)  As  much  surface  of  boiler-tube  exposed  to  the  hot  gases 
of  combustion  in  as  small  a  space  as  possible. 

(2)  Perfect  circulation  of  the  water  in  the  tubes,  so  that  all 
the  surface  exposed  to  the  heat  will  be  effective. 

We  have  to  contend  against : 

(3)  The  slow  flow  of  heat  through  the  metal  of  the  boiler- 
tubes,  and  any  deposit  of  scale  inside  of  the  tubes  or  of  soot 
upon  their  surfaces. 

We  may  contrast  these  conditions  as  follows: 
(1)  In  a  crematory  we  aim  to  secure  a  large  surface  of  garbage 
exposed  to  hot  gases  of  combustion  in  as  small  a  space  as  pos- 
sible. But  this  is  difficult,  especially  with  kitchen  garbage, 
or  "swill,"  night-soil,  sweepings  containing  dust,  wet  straw, 
manure,  and  like  wastes,  that  cannot  be  suspended,  so  that 
fire  will  pass  through  the  mass,  as  between  boiler- tubes.  Such 
material  can  be  exposed  to  direct  heat  passing  over  it,  and  par- 
tially, on  a  divided  hearth,  to  direct  heat  beneath  it,  as  in  the 
Dixon  and  Boulger  furnaces  illustrated;  or  it  may  have  direct 
heat  above  and  indirect  heat  below,  as  in  some  of  the  Smith 
patents :  but,  in  any  case,  the  volume  of  the  chambers  in  which 
the  drying  is  done  must  be  much  greater  than  is  necessary  to 
evaporate  an  equal  weight  of  pure  water  in  a  modern  boiler, 
where  the  tubes  are  arranged  for  the  gases  to  pass  through  or 
between  them. 

(2)  In  a  crematory  it  is  manifestly  impracticable  to  circulate 
the  garbage,  as  water  is  circulated  in  boilers,  so  as  to  always 
expose  the  wet  surfaces  to  the  action  of  the  fires.  In  some 
furnaces  this  is  not  attempted,  the  garbage  being  roasted  and 
burned  on  the  same  hearth  with  little  or  no  stirring.  See 
Walker  and  Dixon  patents.  The  Boulger  furnace  and  McKay's 
furnace  are  designed  for  stoking  from  one  hearth  to  another. 


172  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

(3)  In  a  crematory  the  interior  of  a  mass  of  garbage  may  be 
in  a  semi-fluid  condition  when  the  exterior  is  incandescent 
from  applied  heat,  the  surface  forming  a  crust  or  a  bed  of  ashes 
protecting  the  material  within.  To  obviate  this  is  difficult, 
especially  where  the  material  being  incinerated  produces  a 
large  amount  of  ash,  as  does  manure  or  straw. 

We  see,  then,  that  it  is  not  possible  to  evaporate  water  from 
garbage  with  the  same  efficiency  as  in  a  boiler,  because  (a)  the 
furnace  must  be  much  larger,  and  the  loss  by  the  radiation 
greater,  and  because  (6)  the  process  of  stoking  and  burning  the 
garbage  admits  an  excessive  amount  of  air  into  the  furnace, 
even  when  the  utmost  practicable  precautions  have  been  taken. 

We  have  hitherto  classified  crematories  according  to  the 
principles  dominating  their  respective  designs.  There  are,  how- 
ever, two  types  of  construction  in  use  by  most  builders, — the 
iron-clad  types  and  the  masonry  types. 

The  iron-clad  type  consists  of  a  shell  of  cast-iron  or  of  steel, 
from  \  inch  to  J  inch  thick,  that  is  sufficiently  rigid  to  hold  the 
lining  in  place,  and  an  interior  lining  of  fire-brick  in  which  are 
mounted  the  grates  and  other  accessories.  This  type  requires 
less  floor-space  than  the  masonry  type.  It  can  be  built  entirely 
in  a  factory,  requiring  comparatively  little  construction  work 
at  erection.  Usually  it  is  provided  with  a  receiving- pan  for 
garbage,  placed  above,  into  which  carts  may  be  dumped,  but 
over  which  they  may  not  drive. 

The  masonry  type  consists  of  a  furnace  of  fire-brick  sur- 
rounded by  walls  of  common  brick  or  concrete,  which  support 
a  floor  above,  upon  which  carts  and  wagons  may  drive.  It  is 
more  expensive  than  the  iron-clad  type,  and  requires  more  space. 
The  fire-brick  furnace  walls  should  not  bear  any  of  the  weight 
of  the  driveway  above,  nor  should  the  outer  walls  receive  any 
thrust  due  to  expansion  of  any  of  the  fire-brick  lining  or  grates. 


MATERIALS  AND  METHODS  OF  CONSTRUCTION.        173 


Disposal  of  Liquids. 

Where  garbage  is  brought  to  a  crematory,  saturated  with 
liquid,  the  liquid  may  be  drained  off,— 

(a)  before  the  garbage  is  placed  in  the  crematory; 

(b)  in  a  special  compartment  in  the  crematory;  or, 

(c)  in  the  crematory  where  the  drying  is  done.    In  any  case, 
the  free  liquid  must  be  disposed  of. 

If  the  crematory  is  in  a  city  provided  with  a  system  of 
sewers,  the  liquid  rnay  be  drained  into  the  sewer,  provided 
there  is  no  especial  objection  to  this.  If  the  sewer  is  con- 
nected to  a  sewage- purification  works,  the  garbage  drain  should 
not  be  connected  to  it  without  a  preliminary  determination 
that  such  connection  will  not  be  injurious  to  the  works  in 
question. 

If,  however,  the  liquid  is  to  be  evaporated  in  the  crematory, 
precaution  must  be  taken  in  the  design  to  see, — 

(a)  that  it  will  all  be  evaporated  without  emitting  offensive 
odors; 

(6)  that  it  will  not  be  injurious  to  the  material  of  which 
the  furnace  is  built. 

Preliminary  draining  before  placing  in  a  furnace  is  often 
resorted  to,  when  the  liquid  is  to  be  evaporated,  as  well  as 
when  not,  the  liquid  being  conveyed  to  a  specially  constructed 
evaporating-chamber;  but  such  draining  does  not  make  the 
garbage  so  dry  that  it  will  not  drip  when  placed  in  the  furnace. 
Some  of  the  water  almost  always  finds  its  way  to  the  ash-pits, 
and  must  be  evaporated  there,  or  drained  thence;  and,  if  the 
arrangement  is  such  that  liquid  gets  into  ash-pits  already  con- 
taining ashes,  it  makes  the  ashes  so  foul  that  they  are  unfit  for 
removal.  This  is  a  serious  defect  in  many  furnaces,  and  not 


174  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

unfrequently  occurs  even  with  furnaces  of  good  design  when 
improperly  operated. 

The  location  of  the  evaporating-chamber  for  liquids  is  of 
importance.  In  furnaces  such  as  illustrated,  where  the  garbage 
is  reduced  on  a  single  hearth,  no  additional  chamber  is  pro- 
vided. In  the  Dixon  furnace  the  ash-pit  serves  the  purpose, 
garbage  being  placed  in  the  furnace  when  there  is  no  ash  in  the 
pit,  and  the  liquid  being  evaporated  before  ash  is  produced 
from  the  garbage,  the  ashes  being  withdrawn  before  the  cell  is 
again  charged  with  swill.  All  gases  from  the  ash-pit  must  pass 
over  the  tires.  In  the  Boulger  furnace  the  evaporation  is  done 
in  the  ash-pit,  but  between  the  stench-fires  and  the  stack.  The 
smell,  however,  is  effectively  destroyed.  Other  arrangements 
are  shown  in  the  drawings,  while  some  furnaces  have  no  means 
of  evaporating  these  liquids  at  all. 

The  size  and  the  number  of  feed-holes  are  another  matter 
regarding  which  practice  differs,  some  builders  providing  feed- 
holes  large  enough  to  dump  a  cart-load  into,  and  others  pre- 
ferring smaller  openings,  and  the  feeding  of  the  material  into 
them  more  deliberately.  The  smaller  openings  leave  the  fur- 
nace stronger,  and  preserve  the  grates  from  receiving  too 
heavy  shocks  from  dumping  large  weights  upon  them.  The 
labor  involved  in  dumping  into  a  hole  2  feet  in  diameter  is 
only  a  very  little  greater  than  in  dumping  into  one  4  feet  in 
diameter. 

The  following  are  the  chief  causes  of  failure  of  crematories  that 
have  jailed  completely: 

1.  Faulty  design,  resulting  from  ignorance  of  the  natural 
general  laws  governing  the  proportioning  of  the  various 
parts  of  any  furnace,  such  as  the  relation  of  the  size  of 
chimney  to  the  size  of  grate,  to  the  air  admitted,  and  to 
the  draft;  the  drying  area  required;  the  temperature  of  com- 


MATERIALS  AND  METHODS  OF  CONSTRUCTION.        175 

bustion;    the  cause  of  odors,  etc.     This  is  the  cause  of  most 
failures. 

2.  The  use  of   cast-iron  where  subjected  to   temperatures 
higher  than  the  cast-iron  will  bear. 

3.  Failure  to  allow  for  expansion  of  heated  parts,  causing 
furnaces  to  crack. 

4.  The  use  of  fire-brick  linings  bonded  in  common  brick,  or 
of  fire-brick  linings  too  thin  to  be  stable. 

5.  The  use  of  inferior  fire-brick,  or  other  materials  of  poor 
quality. 

6.  The  installation  of  a  furnace,  adapted  to  burn  refuse 
only,  to  burn  garbage  only,  for  which  it  is  not  adapted. 

7.  Unskilled  handling  by  ignorant  operators. 

It  should,  in  justice  to  the  builders  of  municipal  plants,  be 
added  that  the  fault  for  most  failures  lies  at  the  door  of  the 
municipal  authorities,  on  one  or  other  of  the  following  scores : 

(a)  Acceptance  of  an  untried  installation  designed  by  some 
local  party  without  substantial  experience  or  attainments  in 
the  line  of  this  work. 

(6)  Contracting,  in  good  faith,  for  an  unsuitable  installation, 
because  of  ignorance,  by  the  purchaser,  of  what  the  conditions 
to  be  met  really  are. 

(c)  Determination  by  the  municipal  authorities  to  award 
work  to  contractors  who  will  pay  the  largest  sum  to  those  who 
have  the  power  to  determine  who  shall  secure  the  contract. 

Unfortunately,  in  spite  of  the  recent  outcry  against  graft,, 
the  affairs  of  most  American  cities  and  towns  are  controlled  by 
persons  who  either  demand  such  contributions  from  public 
contractors  for  themselves,  or  permit  their  subordinates  to 
demand  them,  in  order  to  retain  the  service  of  those  subordi- 
nates. So  many,  so  various,  and  so  subtle  are  the  methods  by 
which  political  prostitutes  may  cheat  the  people  of  money,  that 


176  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

few  contractors,  and  few  engineers,  are  able  to  withstand  the 
pressure  brought  to  bear  upon  them,  if  they  seek  to  serve  a 
public  where  the  grafters  are  in  control,  or  even  in  the  minority, 
on  the  city  council,  or  other  public  body  in  control  of  municipal 
administration. 


FIG.  45. — Crematory  Building  at  Fort  Riley,  Ivans. 
(Sanitary  Engineering  Company.) 


177 


HA  Uy '% 

pr   THl 

UNIVERSITY 

or 


CHAPTER  IX. 

CREMATORY  CHIMNEYS. 

THE  proper  size  and  best  design  for  a  chimney  for  any 
specific  service,  even  in  steam-power  production,  are  matters 
upon  which  opinions  widely  differ.  The  best  and  most  avail- 
able work  on  the  subject  is  Christie's  Chimney  Design,  in  which 
reference  is  given  to  numerous  other  authorities.  This  book, 
however,  does  not  much  discuss  reinforced-concrete  chimneys, 
which  are  now  coming  into  extensive  use. 

The  service  demanded  of  a  chimney  for  a  crematory  depends 
entirely  upon  what  is  to  be  burned,  refuse  requiring  a  chimney 
of  much  larger  section  than  garbage,  as  the  following  illustra- 
tions will  show : 

Assume  a  crematory  using  200  pounds  of  soft  coal  to  burn 
1  ton  (2000  pounds)  of  kitchen  garbage,  which  is  80%  water 
and  20%  combustible,  equal  to  half  its  weight  of  coal.  We 
then  have  to  consume  the  equivalent  of  400  pounds  of  coalr 
and  to  evaporate  1600  pounds  of  water.  Each  pound  of  coal 
requires  about  20  pounds  of  air  for  proper  burning.  The 
weight  of  chimney  gases  will  then  be  1600 +  (400x21)  =  10,000 
pounds.  The  weight  of  gases  from  burning  the  200  pounds  of 
coal  only  would  be  4200  pounds,  so  that  this  crematory  requires 

10  000 
a  stack  of    A'  n  =2.4,  the  capacity  required  to  burn  the  coal 

T^iUU 

alone.    Or,  we  may  say,  in  burning  one  ton  of  coal  42,000 
pounds  of  gases  are  produced.    Then  burning  garbage  in  this 

179 


180  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

c  10,000 
crematory  requires  a  stack  of  ,0  nnn  =  .24,  the  capacity  neces- 


sary  to  burn  an  equal  weight  of  coal,  or,  approximately,  a  stack 
large  enough  to  burn  coal  equal  to  J  the  weight  of  garbage  to 
be  burned. 

On  the  other  hand,  if  the  refuse  is  highly  combustible, 
requiring  no  auxiliary  coal,  and  equal  in  heat-value  to  J  its 
weight  in  coal,  the  stack  required  would  have  to  be  large  enough 
to  burn  coal  equal  to  J  the  weight  of  garbage  to  be  burned. 

A  crematory  for  mixed  garbage  and  refuse,  capable  of 
burning  either,  requires  a  stack  intermediate  in  size.  For 
general  service  it  will  be  safe  to  design  the  stack  of  the  size 
necessary  to  burn  as  much  soft  coal  per  hour  as  is  equal  to  one- 
third  of  the  garbage  to  be  burned  each  hour.  This  rule  and 
the  table  opposite  will  enable  prospective  buyers  of  crematories 
to  determine  whether  or  not  a  certain  stack  is  likely  to  prove 
adequate  for  the  work.  It  is  not  put  forward  here  as  of  extreme 
accuracy.  The  table  is  an  adaptation  from  data  contained  in 
Christie's  book,  page  25. 

The  following  are  the  principal  varieties  of  chimneys,  with 
some  comments  on  each: 

1.  Guyed  Iron  Stacks.  —  These  are  the  cheapest  in  first  cost, 
and    therefore  have    been    used  extensively.     If   used    with 
crematories,  they  should  be  lined  to  the  top  with  fire-brick. 
Otherwise  they  should  not  be  expected  to  last  a  year  at  the 
temperature  employed.     They  may  last  three  years  or  more  if 
lined,  and  if  in  a  climate  where  they  do  not  easily  corrode.    The 
guy-lines  require  plenty  of  space. 

2.  Self-supporting   Steel  Stacks.  —  These  are   free  from  the 
objection   of    requiring  excessive  space,  but  are  not  usually 
cheaper   than   masonry  stacks.     An  iron  stack  expands   and 
contracts  more  than  a  masonry  stack  of  the  same  internal 


CREMATORY  CHIMNEYS. 

CHIMNEY  TABLES  FOR  CREMATORIES. 


181 


Height  of  Chimney,     Feet. 

Diameter, 
Inches. 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

125 

150 

200 

Tons   Kitchen   Garbage   per   Hour. 

18 

0.33 

21 

0.5 

24 

0.75 

27 

0.75 

1 

30 

1 

33 

1.5 

36 

1.5 

2 

42 

2 

3 

48 

3 

4 

60 

5 

6 

72 

10 

Tons  Dry  Refuse  Only. 


21 

.25 

27 

.5 

30 

36 

. 

0.75 

1 

48 

. 

1.5 

. 

2 

60 

. 

2^5 

3 

72 

4 

5 

Tons   Mixed   Garbage   and   Refuse. 

18 

0.25 

24 

0.5 

30 

0.75 

1 

36 

1.5 

42 

i'.h' 

48 

• 

3 

60 

4 

5 

72 

6 

diameter,  and  bends  more.  For  crematory  work  it  should  be 
lined  to  the  top  with  brick,  and  the  expansion  renders  the 
lining  less  permanent  than  in  masonry  stacks,  especially  in  high 
chimneys  of  small  diameter. 

3.  Solid-brick  Chimneys. — These  are  the  heaviest  and  most 
expensive  to  build.    They  depend  upon  their  weight  for  stability 


182  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

at  every  height.    Where  chimneys  are  not  very  high,  the  expense 
is  not  prohibitive.     The  design  may  be  very  ornamental. 

4.  Radial-brick  Chimneys. — These  are  built  of  hollow  brick, 
and  are  cheaper  and  stronger  than  the  solid-brick  chimneys,  and 
perhaps  the  least  subject  to  vibration  of  all  chimneys. 

5.  Reinforced- concrete   Chimneys. — These  are    the   strongest 
chimneys  built.     In  price  they  are  close  competitors  of  the 
radial  brick.     Their  columns  have  much  thinner  shells.     For 
crematory  work,  they  should  be  lined  for  at  least  half  their 
height.     They  vibrate  slightly  in  the  wind, — much  less  than  the 
self-supporting  steel  columns,  but  more  than  radial  brick  of  the 
same  inside  diameter. 

Height. 

Garbage  contains  considerable  sulphur,  besides  small  quan- 
tities of  all  the  common  elements.  When  burned  perfectly,  the 
gases  given  off  are  somewhat  more  pungent  than  the  smoke 
from  soft  coal;  but  there  need  be  no  soot.  The  odors  from  the 
chimney  of  a  properly  operated  crematory  are  about  as  objec- 
tionable as  those  from  a  properly  operated  steam-power  plant. 
The  height  of  a  crematory  chimney  should  therefore  be  25  feet 
or  more  than  the  roof  of  any  neighboring  building;  but  if  the 
gases  drift  down  to  earth  at  a  distance,  they  should  not  prove 
objectionable. 

Very  tall  chimneys  should  always  be  provided  with 
lightning-rods. 

It  frequently  happens  that  it  is  desired  to  connect  small 
crematories  or  refuse-burners  to  flues  already  constructed, — 
often  to  chimneys  in  which  a  number  of  other  furnaces  also 
discharge.  Great  care  should  be  taken  in  such  cases  to  make 
sure  that  the  flue  and  the  stack  are  large  enough  for  the  service. 


CREMATORY   CHIMNEYS.  183 

This  can  only  be  ascertained  positively  by  an  examination  of 
each  case.  Such  flues  should  be  lined  with  fire-brick. 

There  are  several  patents  covering  certain  methods  of 
chimney  construction,  and  several  covering  methods  of  sup- 
porting fire-brick  linings,  but  there  is  nothing  covering  any  of 
the  general  classes  of  chimneys  named  so  fully  as  to  exclude 
competition. 

Great  care  must  be  exercised  to  secure  a  suitable  foundation 
for  a  self-supporting  stack,  as  well  as  to  make  the  column  proper 
sufficiently  strong  to  resist  wind-pressure. 


CHAPTER  X. 

SUMMARY  AND  SUGGESTIONS. 

THE  engineer  or  superintendent  having  some  particular 
problem  of  waste- disposal  to  solve  often  finds  need  of  a  ready 
guide  as  to  the  methods  of  disposal  that  are  worth  investigating, 
with  reference  only  to  his  particular  problem.  For  the  benefit 
of  such,  this  chapter  is  written.  It  defines  the  field  in  which 
each  method  of  disposal  may  be  properly  applied,  according  to 
the  views  of  the  writer.  As  each  promoter  is  usually  anxious  to 
extend  the  field  of  his  own  apparatus,  it  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  the  advocates  of  the  various  systems  in  use  will  acquiesce 
completely  in  the  limitations  of  their  fields  herein  suggested. 
However,  these  suggestions  will  be  found  to  cover  most  cases 
fairly  and  liberally. 

1.  Institutions,  hotels,  apartment  houses,  etc.,  where  the  build- 
ings are  not  widely  scattered,  having  to  dispose  of  wastes  of 
15,000  persons  or  fewer,  will  not  find  it  economical  to  install 
reduction-plants  or  refuse-sorting  systems  of  any  kind,  because 
they  have  only  such  a  quantity  of  garbage  and  refuse  as  one 
man  can  handle  in  a  crematory  without  assistance. 

(a)  If  such  institutions  are  in  a  large  city,  the  garbage  may 
be  delivered  to  the  city  garbage-collectors  who  call  each  day. 
The  rubbish  can  be  more  conveniently  burned  on  the  premises, 
because  it  is  bulky,  and  frequently  the  municipal  collection  of 
such  litter  is  so  infrequent  as  to  make  the  amount  accumulating 

184 


SUMMARY   AND  SUGGESTIONS.  185 

between  collections  a  nuisance.  Moreover,  rubbish  can  be  burned 
advantageously  to  raise  steam  for  power  purposes ;  and  there  is 
invariably  a  need  for  steam  or  hot  water  in  such  institutions. 

(6)  Institutions  of  this  size,  so  situated  that  the  garbage  must 
be  disposed  of  on  the  premises,  will  find  it  advantageous  to  burn 
both  garbage  and  rubbish  in  the  same  furnace,  though  separate 
collection  is  preferable. 

Crematories  for  such  institutions  should  be  located  in  the 
power-house,  if  there  is  one,  and  provided  with  connections 
by  which  the  hot  gases  may  be  used  for  steam-raising.  A 
separate  boiler  for  the  crematory  is  preferable  if  the  opera- 
tion is  sufficiently  continuous.  Wherever  the  crematory  is 
operated  only  a  few  hours  a  day,  or  a  few  days  a  week,  it  is 
better  to  connect  it  with  a  boiler  that  can  be  separately  fired 
when  the  crematory  is  idle.  If  there  is  no  power-house,  it 
should  be  located  in  the  basement  of  the  largest  building. 

A  man  can  stoke  about  one  ton  of  mixed  garbage  and  refuse 
per  hour.  Therefore  it  is  most  economical  to  install  a  crematory 
of  that  capacity,  or  larger,  and  to  operate  it  at  full  capacity  for 
such  time  as  may  be  necessary,  unless  the  quantity  of  waste  to 
be  destroyed  is  very  small. 

2.  Institutions  and  villages  of  from  10,000  to  40,000  persons  will 
find  reduction  and  sorting  unprofitable,  because  the  quantities 
handled  are  too  small.  Such  communities  should  burn  the  gar- 
bage and  the  refuse,  the  problem  to  be  solved  being  the  advisabil- 
ity of  attempting  to  utilize  the  heat  generated  by  the  burning. 

(a)  If  the  corporation  undertaking  to  operate  the  destructor 
has  a  steam-power  plant,  in  connection  with  which  the  destructor 
may  be  built,  the  utilization  of  the  heat  for  steam-raising  will 
almost  always  pay,  provided  that,  by  locating  the  destructor  at 
the  power-plant,  the  distance  that  the  wastes  must  be  hauled  is 
not  unduly  increased. 


186  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

(6)  If  the  corporation  that  will  operate  the  destructor  has 
no  steam-power  plant,  it  will  usually  not  be  advisable  to  build 
one  especially  for  use  with  the  destructor,  but  will  be  preferable 
to  make  no  attempt  at  economy  of  this  kind. 

Crematories  having  to  dispose  of  the  wastes  of  20,000  people 
or  more  should  preferably  operate  continuously,  day  and  night. 
This  gives  them  higher  efficiency  and  less  first  cost  and  deprecia- 
tion per  ton  destroyed. 

3.  Municipalities  of  over  40,000  population  are  justified  in 
considering  propositions  of  sorting  wastes  and  "  reducing  " 
garbage,  in  connection  with  a  crematory  plant  for  destroying 
the  solid  residues,  and  a  sewage- disposal  system  for  disposing  of 
the  liquids  pressed  from  the  garbage;  but  there  will  be  found 
only  a  limited  number  of  places  where  such  utilizations  will  be 
profitable. 

(a)  The  proper  sorting  of  refuse  requires  that  the  material 
be  fed  upon  an  endless  belt,  and  that  a  sufficient  number  of 
persons  be  employed  to  stand  by  the  belt  and  to  pick  out  the 
marketable  articles  of  various  kinds,  classifying  them  in  bins  as 
they  are  removed.     There  must  be  enough  refuse  to  keep  a 
number  of  persons  busy  at  the  sorting,  as  each  picker  can  handle 
only  a  few  kinds  of  wastes,  and  there  are  many  kinds, — half  a 
dozen  grades  of  paper,  woolen,  cotton  and  linen  rags,  bottles, 
bones,  cans,  various  metals,  leather,  etc.,  the  value  of  which 
depends  largely  upon  the  care  with  which  the  sorting  is  done. 
Refuse  to  be  sorted  must  be  free  from  garbage.     The  residue 
should  be  cremated.     It  is  from  40%  to  60%  of  the  original 
quantity. 

(b)  The  reduction  process  requires  a  high-pressure  steam- 
chamber  in  which  to  cook  the  garbage  with  steam,  presses  to 
separate  the  solid  material,  tanks  to  separate  the  grease  and  oil 
from  the  liquid  after  pressing,  and  means  for  disposing  of  the 


SUMMARY  AND  SUGGESTIONS.  187 

waste  liquid.  This  latter  is  usually  discharged  into  rivers  or 
lakes,  where  it  pu trifles.  Thus  it  is  seen  that  steam-power  and 
considerable  machinery  is  necessary.  Obviously,  to  be  profit- 
able, the  quantity  to  be  handled  must  be  sufficient  to  keep  a 
force  of  employees  busy  all  of  the  time.  Whether  the  process 
will  pay,  or  not,  depends  also  upon  the  market  for  the  products 
extracted,  and  the  efficiency  with  which  the  work  is  conducted. 
This  must  be  carefully  considered  in  each  particular  project. 

(c)  If  (a)  and  (6)  or  either  of  them  are  adopted,  the  residue 
may  be  burned  to  produce  steam  for  operating  the  necessary 
machinery.  If  they  are  not  adopted,  a  larger  quantity  of 
steam  will  be  available  for  power  purposes  of  other  kinds,  such 
as  electric-lighting,  if  any  market  therefor  is  available.  Thus  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  utilization  of  wastes  by  converting  them 
into  salable  by-products  takes  away  from  the  value  otherwise 
to  be  realized  in  some  cases  as  fuel  for  steam-raising.  All  ele- 
ments considered,  it  usually  will  be  found  more  advantageous 
for  small  cities  to  burn  both  garbage  and  refuse,  in  connection 
with  a  power-plant,  than  to  utilize  them  otherwise.  This 
method  is  by  far  the  simplest,  and  entails  a  much  less  cost 
and  a  much  less  risk,  than  more  elaborate  systems. 

4.  Cities  of  over  200,000  inhabitants  are  large  enough  to 
adopt,  with  profit,  any  system  of  utilization,  if  conditions  show 
that  such  profit  can  be  derived  under  the  other  circumstances 
actually  existing.  In  the  larger  cities  it  will  be  found  that 
separate  and  distinct  plants  may  be  employed  to  advantage  to 
dispose  of  the  different  classes  of  wastes.  The  choice  may  be 
made  among  the  following  systems,  or  by  combinations  of  those 
systems : 

(a)  Common  collection  of  garbage,  refuse,  and  ashes,  and 
burning  them  in  a  destructor,  generating  steam  for  power  pur- 
poses. This  is  the  British  practice.  The  objection  to  it  in 


188  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

America  is,  that  by  separate  collection  of  ashes  the  handling  of 
them  in  the  crematory  is  avoided;  and  that,  under  circumstances 
usually  existing  in  America,  the  heat  recovered  is  not  worth  the 
cost  of  the  extra  handling  involved.  There  may  be  some 
localities  where  this  is  not  so. 

(6)  Separate  collection  of  ashes,  and  disposal  of  them  for 
filling. 

(c)  Common  collection  of  garbage  and  rubbish,  and  crema- 
tion of  the  mixture.     This  may  be  done  in  one  central  plant, 
with  the  production  of  steam  for  power,  or  in  a  number  of 
smaller  plants,  located  so  as  to  reduce  the  length  of  haul  in  each 
collection  district  to  a  minimum. 

(d)  Separate    collection   of   rubbish,   in   combination   with 
sorting  and  burning  the  residue,  with  incidental  production  of 
power,  in  a  centrally  located  plant. 

(e)  Separate  collections  of  rubbish  and  garbage,  and  their 
burning  together  in  moderate-sized  crematories  located  near 
the  centers  of  the  collection  districts. 

(/)  Separate  collection  of  garbage  and  its  "reduction,"  to 
extract  the  grease,  in  a  suitably  located  plant. 

(g)  Separate  collection  of  rubbish,  and  its  burning  in  small 
incinerators  located  near  the  centers  of  collection  districts. 

The  writer  believes  that  in  most  American  cities  the  com- 
bination of  systems  (&)  and  (e)  will  be  found  most  advantageous 
from  all  points  of  view.  Next  in  advisability  appears  the  com- 
bination of  (&)  and  (d)  and  (/),  for  the  larger  cities  especially. 
Where  sufficiently  advantageous  contracts  can  be  made  to  sell 
garbage,  f.  o.  b.  cars,  to  some  reduction  company,  the  best 
method  of  disposing  of  the  remaining  waste  appears  to  be  by 
combining  (b)  and  (g).  System  (a)  is  recommended  when 
transportation  from  all  parts  of  the  city  to  the  disposal  plant 
can  be  had  by  rail,  and  the  ashes  from  the  plant  sold  f.  o.  b.. 


SUMMARY  AND  SUGGESTIONS.  189 

cars,  and  where  there  is  an  assured  market  for  the  power  at 
remunerative  rates.  System  (c)  is  recommended  only  where 
the  common  collection  system  is  inapplicable  because  of  inability 
to  enforce  the  separate  system. 

If  an  institution  or  a  private  corporation  is  in  the  market 
for  a  crematory,  it  can  proceed  with  an  investigation  of  the 
various  devices  on  the  market  and  purchase  at  its  own  discre- 
tion; but  a  representative  body  or  a  public  officer  is  usually 
constrained  by  law  to  advertise  for  bids,  and  to  accept  the 
"lowest,"  or  the  "lowest  and  best,"  reserving  the  right  to  reject 
"any  or  all  bids."  Usually,  when  all  bids  are  rejected,  which 
not  unfrequently  happens,  the  fault  is  with  the  advertisement 
or  specifications,  which  do  not  define  with  sufficient  clearness 
what  is  to  be  bid  upon.  The  mere  statement  in  the  advertise- 
ment that  the  crematory  "must  burn  25  tons  of  garbage  or 
refuse  per  day,"  or  that  the  "cost  of  cremation  must  not  exceed 
50  cents  per  ton,"  are  too  indefinite  to  secure  bids  on  anything 
like  a  uniform  basis. 

The  advertisement  should  clearly  set  forth  to  whom  bids 
are  to  be  addressed,  when  they  will  be  opened,  the  size  of  the 
plant,  from  whom  specifications  may  be  procured,  the  bond 
required  with  the  bid,  the  location  of  the  crematory  site.  Wher- 
ever possible,  the  site  should  be  procured  before  bids  are  asked 
for,  and  it  is  unfair  to  contractors  to  keep  the  matter  open  until 
after  the  bids  are  taken. 

For  the  convenience  of  those  municipal  authorities  who 
are  required  to  call  for  bids  under  specifications  admitting  of 
competition,  the  following  suggestive  specifications  are  given. 
These  apply  only  to  crematories  to  which  boiler-plants  are  not 
to  be  connected,  which  is  the  case  in  the  large  majority  of 
municipal  plants. 


190  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  A  GARBAGE  CREMATORY. 

These  specifications  relate  to  constructing  a  crematory,  with 
a  chimney  and  a  suitable  building,  for  -  — ,  upon 

ground  to  be  furnished  by  -  — ,  and  to  provisions 

connected  therewith. 

Each  bidder  on  the  proposed  work  is  required  to  enclose  with 
his  bids  a  surety  company's  bond  for  a  sum  equal  to  10%  of  the 
amount  bid,  or  a  certified  check  for  the  same  sum,  guaranteeing 
that  said  sum  will  be  paid  -  -  in  case  the  work  is 

awarded  the  bidder  and  he  fails  to  enter  into  contract  for  same, 
and  to  furnish  bond,  as  hereinafter  provided,  within  ten  days 
after  notice  of  said  award  has  been  served  upon  him. 

The  bidder  to  whom  award  is  made  must  furnish  acceptable 
bond  in  a  sum  equal  to  50%  of  the  amount  bid,  guaranteeing 
that  the  contract  then  entered  into  will  be  faithfully  performed, 
said  bond  to  remain  in  full  force  until  final  payment  has  been 
made  to  the  contractor  as  hereinafter  provided.  Said  bond 
shall  apply  not  only  to  the  construction  work  set  forth,  but  to 
the  guarantee  of  the  performance  of  the  crematory  made  by 
the  bidder  hereinafter  referred  to.  A  copy  of  the  specifications 
must  accompany  the  bid,  and  bids  in  which  the  provisions  of 
these  specifications  are  modified  shall  not  be  considered.  The 
bidder  must  also  submit  with  his  bid  a  complete  specification  of 
a  building  and  the  apparatus  that  he  proposes  to  furnish,  with 
plans  descriptive  thereof  supplementary  to  these  specifications, 
sufficient  to  fully  indicate  what  he  proposes  to  furnish,  as  to 
both  design  and  quality  of  materials,  including  foundations. 

In  submitting  a  bid,  the  bidder  guarantees  that  the  appa- 
ratus offered  by  him  does  not  infringe  the  patent  rights  of  any 
other  party,  and  that  he  will  stand  any  losses  that  may  be  in- 
curred by  the  purchaser  owing  to  any  such  infringement. 


SUMMARY   AND  SUGGESTIONS.  191 

The  bidder  must  also  state  with  his  bid  the  features  of  the 
crematory  offered  by  him  that  are  patented,  giving  the  numbers 
of  said  patents  when  required.  He  must  also  state  what  fea- 
tures, if  any,  are  the  subject  of  pending  patent  applications. 
Any  bidder  who  fails  to  comply  with  this  requirement  may  have 
his  bid  considered,  but  in  bidding  on  this  work  without  making 

such  statements  he  shall  forfeit  all  right  to  prosecute , 

or  any  other  bidders  for  infringement  of  patents  relative  to  the 
particular  apparatus  he  offered  in  this  particular  case. 

The  bidder  must  state  the  date  at  which  he  will  commence 
the  work,  and  the  date  at  which  he  will  complete  the  same. 

Upon  completion  of  the  whole  of  the  work  contemplated 
herein,  the  -  —  shall  have  a  final  inspection  made  to 

determine  whether  it  complies  with  the  specifications  and  plans 
in  so  far  as  structure  and  workmanship  are  concerned.  When 
the  work  is  completed  in  these  regards  it  shall  be  accepted, 
subject  to  test,  and  enter  upon  a  test  run  of  thirty  days  to 
demonstrate  its  capacity,  cost  of  operation,  and  mechanical 
soundness.  If  in  such  tests  it  is  found  to  comply  with  the 
guarantee  hereinafter  set  forth,  and  those  additional  guarantees 
made  by  the  bidder,  final  payment  shall  be  made;  otherwise, 
—  shall  be  entitled  to  withhold  from  the  contractor 
and  to  recover  from  his  bondsmen  an  amount  equal  to  the  value 
of  the  fuel  and  the  labor  required  to  operate  the  crematory  at 
the  full  capacity  called  for,  in  excess  of  that  guaranteed  by  the 
contractor,  for  a  period  of  1500  days,  upon  the  basis  of  market 
prices  at  the  time  tests  are  conducted.  In  case  said  sum  so 

estimated  exceeds  the  amount  of  the  bond, shall 

reject  the  entire  installation,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  recover 
from  the  contractor  all  sums  paid  therefor  on  account,  for 
which  the  bondsmen  shall  also  be  liable  to  the  full  extent  of 
the  bond. 


192  GARBAGE  CREMATORIES. 

Payments  shall  be  made  in  monthly  estimates,  on  account, 
to  the  extent  of  50%  of  the  value  of  the  work,  according  to  the 
price  bid;  25%  of  the  contract  price  upon  final  inspection,  and 
the  remaining  25%  on  the  termination  of  the  30-day  test  run, 
if  the  guarantees  are  fulfilled. 

During  the  30  days'  test  run  the  plant  shall  be  operated  by 
the  purchaser,  who  shall  furnish  all  labor  and  fuel  required; 
but  the  contractor  shall  be  represented  by  a  competent  expert 
who  shall  direct  the  operation,  and  whose  instructions  shall  be 
obeyed.  In  case,  in  the  opinion  of  said  expert,  any  employee 
or  employees  fail  to  do  their  work  properly,  the  expert  may 
suspend  him  and  procure  other  help.  Determinations  of 
capacity  and  fuel  consumption  shall  be  made  only  when  the 
crematory  is  being  operated  at  its  full  capacity  for  the  number 
of  hours  stated  in  the  contract. 

The  crematory  shall  be  capable  of  burning  

tons  (of  2000  pounds)  of  garbage  or  refuse,  or  of  garbage  and 
refuse  mixed,  in  a  continuous  run  of  -  hours. 

The  burning  must  be  conducted  so  as  not  to  produce 
offensive  odors  either  at  the  crematory  or  from  the  chimney. 
By  offensive  odors  are  meant  those  due  to  the  incomplete 
combustion  of  organic  matter.  Completely  oxidized  inorganic 
gases  shall  not  be  considered  offensive.  The  chimney  gases 
must  be  free  from  smoke.  The  temperature  of  gases  leaving 
the  crematory  must  not  be  less  than  1200°  F.  at  any  time. 

When  burning  kitchen  garbage  only  at  full  capacity,  on  a 
continuous  run  of  16  hours,  the  crematory,  or  any  cell  of  the 
crematory  on  a  test,  must  not  require  more  than  200  pounds  of 
coal  or  equivalent  per  ton  of  garbage  consumed,  said  coal  being 
equivalent  in  heat-producing  value  to  14,000  British  Thermal 
Units  per  pound,  and  the  gases  leaving  the  crematory  being 
not  lower  in  temperature  than  1200°  F. 


SUMMARY   AND  SUGGESTIONS.  193 

In  case  the  bidder  desires  to  offer  a  better  guarantee  of 
efficiency  than  this,  his  offer  will  be  considered  if  stated  in  his 
bid. 

The  labor  required  to  operate  the  crematory  at  full  capacity 
shall  not  be  more  than  the  labor  of  one  stoker  working  eight 
hours  for  each  six  tons  of  garbage  or  refuse  consumed.  This 
shall  include  all  labor  of  charging,  firing,  and  removing  ashes 
from  the  building.  In  case  the  bidder  desires  to  offer  a  better 
guarantee  than  this,  his  offer  will  be  considered  if  stated  in 
his  bid. 

The  general  arrangement  of  the  crematory  and  building 
shall  be  as  follows: 

There  shall  be  a  basement  or  stoking  floor,  where  the  stoking 
is  done,  the  fires  are  tended,  and  the  ashes  removed;  and 
above  this  a  receiving  floor,  reached  by  a  driveway,  and  feed- 
holes  for  charging  the  furnaces.  The  walls  up  to  the  receiving 
floor  shall  be  of  brick  or  concrete. 

The  chimney  shall  be  of  reinforced  concrete  or  of  radial 
brick,  lined  in  either  case  to  the  top  with  cupola  brick.  It 
shall  be  capable  of  resisting  a  wind  pressure  of  50  pounds  to  the 
square  foot. 

The  superstructure  above  the  receiving  floor  shall  be  of 
brick  or  stone,  with  steel  roof-truss,  slate  or  tile  roof,  wire-glass 
windows,  and  fire- proof  doors. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Adaptability  of  furnaces  for  burning  various  classes  of  wastes 79 

Air,  effect  of  admitting  surplus 78 

quantity  required. 32, 80,  1 79 

Alcohol,  produced  from  garbage 10 

American  practice  of  collection  differs  from  British  practice 29 

American  Public  Health  Association  definition  of  various  wastes 24 

Arnold  process  of  reduction  of  garbage 9 

Ash-bin  refuse,  analyses  of 20,  21,  23 

Ashes,  burning  of,  in  British  destructors 150 

cost  of  reburning 84 

stoking 84 

from  garbage  furnace,  analysis  of 24 

interfere  with  stoking  other  materials 84 

must  be  hauled  away  from  crematory n 

quantity  hauled  away  from  crematory 84 

per  capita 22 

when  economical  to  reburn 165 

reburning  to  raise  steam 84 

Beaman  and  Deas  furnace „ 152 

Boiler,  size  and  cost  for  crematory 81 

Boston  refuse-sorting  station.  , 162' 

Boulger-Benjamin 91-111 

Boulger  crematories  described 112; 

and  Morse 1 1 1 

patents     . 112- 

British  practice   150 

differs  from  American 29 

Building  design  depends  upon  location I2 

Capacities  of  furnaces,  how  compared , !6p 

Capacity  per  square  foot  of  grate  area !  yo 

Chimneys,  capacity  of,  for  crematories 179-181 

guyed  iron jgo 

height  required t .  .  ^g2 

195 


196  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Chimneys,  lightning  protection 183 

radial  brick. 182 

reinforced  concrete 182 

self-supporting  iron 180 

solid  brick 181 

various  styles 180 

Cinders,  effect  on  disposal  system 17 

reburning  of 150 

City  councils. 3 

refuse,  composition  of 19 

wastes,  weight  of 20 

Classification  of  crematory  designs 39 

wastes 15 

by  American  Public  Health  Association 24 

Coal  required  to  burn  kitchen  garbage 78 

Collection  districts  in  large  cities 25 

economy  of  separate  systems 16-150 

methods  of.  . .      15 

municipal  versus  private 17 

separate  versus  common 150 

systems 1 1 

as  affecting  disposal 17 

effect  on  value  of  refuse 8 

Composition  of  city  refuse 19 

garbage 18-27 

rubbish.  .  , 19 

street-sweepings. 18 

Cost  of  collection  depends  upon  location  of  the  disposal  plant 25 

disposal  depends  upon  character  of  waste 8 

incineration,  reliable  data  not  available 84 

maximum  and  minimum 84 

operating  a  crematory 77 

Crematory  as  a  drying  device 171 

and  boiler  compared 171 

builders 88 

what  it  should  be  designed  to  burn u 

Crematories  classified 39 

of  Class  i - 39 

2 40 

3 55 

4 6 1 

.5 62 

miscellaneous 62 

designs.     See  list  of  illustrations. 


INDEX.  197 


Crematories,  lists  of  installations:  PAGE 

Anderson 127 

Boulger 91,  in 

Brown 127 

Brownlee 127 

Burns 149 

Davis 127 

Decarie '. 102 

De  La  Chapelle  and  Pearce 128 

Dixon 05 

Engel 88 

Lester  &  Dean 149 

McKay   127 

McGeihan 128 

Morse-Boulger in 

Rider 149 

Sanitary  (and  "Municipal") 115 

Smead.  . , 128 

Smith,  H.  B 149 

Smith-Siemans 149 

Smith- Vivarttas 127 

Stearns 149 

Stringfellow 128 

Thackeray 128 

U.  S.  Army 149 

Walker 128 

Wiselogel 149 

Wright 128 

Decarie  Manufacturing  Company 102 

description  of  incinerator 102 

list  of  installations 105 

patents  owned  by 106 

Design  of  crematory,  matters  to  be  considered  in 30 

principles  of 39 

Depreciation  of  a  crematory 77 

Disposal  of  liquids  drained  from  garbage 173 

system  affected  by  collection  system 17 

systems  suitable  for  communities  of  10,000  or  less  persons 184 

10,000  to  40,000  persons 185 

40,000  to  200,000  persons.  ....  186 

over  200,000  persons 187 

Dixon  Garbage  Crematory  Company 91 

description  of  crematories  of 92 

features  of  design  of 101 


198  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Dixon  Garbage  Crematory  Company,  list  of  installations  by 95 

patents  owned  by 96 

Domestic  refuse 4 

Draining  liquid  from  garbage 30, 173 

Economy  of  reburning  cinders. 161 

separate  collection 16 

Engel  Sanitary  and  Cremation  Company 88 

list  of  installations  by 88 

Evaporation  of  liquids  drained  from  garbage 174 

water  in  garbage 30 

Expansion  in  crematories  caused  by  heat 168 

Failures,  principal  causes  in  crematories 174 

Feeding  of  garbage  to  hogs 6 

Fertilizers,  extraction  of 6 

from  ashes 23 

Fire-brick 168, 169 

Forced  draft,  when  desirable 31 

Frequency  of  collection.  .  .     15, 16 

Fuel,  cost  of,  for  garbage  furnace 86 

Garbage,  composition  of 18 

quantity  per  capita 22 

Goodrich,  W.  F.,  references  to  his  book 19,  86,  151 

Grates  for  garbage  crematories:  Group  i,  cast-iron  solid 71 

Group  2,  fire-clay 72 

Group  3,  water-cooled 72 

Group  4,  air-cooled 73 

Grease,  extraction  of 6 

Guarantee  required  of  crematory  designer 190 

Haul  of  garbage  by  rail 25 

reduced  to  minimum  ....    1 1 

Heat,  how  expended  in  a  crematory 78 

Hering,  Rudolph,  reference  to  writings  of 9, 10, 18,  21 

Horsfall  destructor 152 

Hours  of  operating  a  crematory.  ...   77 

Ideal  for  a  garbage  crematory 26,  29,  30 

Income  from  reduction  processes 10 

Iron-clad  types.    .  .      .          .  .  172 

Kitchen  garbage,  weight,  collection,  and  transportation  of 16 

Liquids,  disposal  of 1 73 

Location  of  disposal  plant 1 1,  25 

London  refuse,  analysis  of 20,  21 

Maintenance  of  a  crematory 77 

Manlove,  Alliot   &  Co.,  Ltd 156 

Masonry  types  of  furnaces 172 


INDEX.  199 

PAGE 

Materials  and  methods  of  construction 168 

composing  domestic  wastes 5 

Meldrum  Bros.,  Ltd.  . 151, 153 

Merz  process  of  reduction 9 

Miscellaneous  crematory  patents 62 

Morse,  W.  F 23,91,111,151 

Morse-Boulger  Destructor  Company in 

list  of  installations in 

Municipal  Engineering  Company 106 

versus  private  collection 17 

Night-soil  collection  and  disposal 15 

Odorless  cremation 30 

Oils,  extraction  of 6 

Principles  of  crematory  design.  .  .    39 

Parsons,  H.  de  B 162 

Patents  do  not  control  entire  field 31,  40 

of  principal  builders:  Decarie  Manufacturing  Company 106 

Dixon  Garbage  Crematory  Company 96,  101 

Morse-Boulger  Destructor  Company 112 

Sanitary  Engineering  Company 115 

(See  also  Crematories,  list  of  installations,  for  reference  to  patents  of 
other  builders.) 

Patents  on  crematories,  lists  of:    Class  i 46 

Class  2 56 

Class  3 61 

Class  4 62 

Miscellaneous 67 

Pollution  of  streams  by  reduction  plants  .  , 9 

Poole,  Herman,  reference  to  writings  of 86 

Power  from  burning  refuse 150 

Preliminary  drying  of  garbage 27 

when  necessary 31 

Quantity  of  refuse  in  American  cities n,  15,  18,  22 

various  wastes  per  capita 22,  2  3 

wastes  must  be  known 1 1 

Reduction  processess 9 

Arnold 9 

Merz 9 

Simonin 9 

systems 6 

Reheating  vapors  to  avoid  odors 31 

Refuse,  collection  of 16 

quantity  of 22 

transportation  of 1 6 


200  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Refuse,  utilization  of 162 

weight  of !6 

Rhines,  F.  K 9I 

Rubbish,  composition  of Io 

Sanitary  aspects  of  collection  systems I^ 

Sanitary  Engineering  Company j  ^ 

description  of  crematories  of 116 

list  of  installations  by 115 

patents  owned  by 115 

Simonin  process  of  reduction o 

Single-collection  system,  argument  for.  ...    17 

Sorting  refuse 162 

Steam  lost  in  water-cooled  grates 79,  106 

raised  by  burning  refuse , 150,  162 

available  for  power-generation 80-84,  106 

Sorting  refuse ... 6 

Stoking  a  crematory,  cost  of. 79 

Street-sweepings,  composition  of 18 

quantity  of 19,  22 

Subsidy  for  a  reduction  process   8,  10 

Summary  and  suggestions 184 

Tankage 10 

Temperature  in  a  crematory 3°>  3X>  81 

Tests  that  should  be  required  of  crematory 191 

Utilization  of  heat  for  steam-raising 32 

Value  of  various  wastes 4>  S>  7 

cinders  for  fuel J6i 

Water,  quantity  of,  in  garbage 7& 

refuse 21,  22 

Weight  of  various  wastes 20 


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*  Mahan's  Permanent  Fortifications.     (Mercur.) 8vo,  half  morocco,  7  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

*  Mercur's  Attack  of  Fortified  Places I2mo»  2  oo 

*  Elements  of  the  Art  of  War 8vo,  4  oo 

2 


Metcalf's  Cost  of  Manufactures — And  the  Administration  of  Workshops.  .8vo,  5  oo 

*  Ordnance  and  Gunnery.     2  vols i2mo,  5  oo 

Murray's  Infantry  Drill  Regulations i8mo,  paper,  10 

Nixon's  Adjutants'  Manual 241110,  i  oo 

Peabody's  Naval  Architecture 8vo,  7  50 

*  Phelps's  Practical  Marine  Surveying 8vo,  2  50 

Powell's  Army  Officer's  Examiner i2mo,  4  oo 

Sharpe's  Art  of  Subsisting  Armies  in  War i8mo,  morocco  i  50 

*  Tupes  and  Poole's  Manual  of  Bayonet  Exercises  and   "Musketry  Fencing. 

24010,  leather,  50 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Wheeler's  Siege  Operations  and  Military  Mining 8vo,  2  oo 

Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law i2mo,  2  50 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i  50 

Young's  Simple  Elements  of  Navigation i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

ASSAYING. 

Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe. 

i2mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Xodge's  Notes  on  Assaying  and  Metallurgical  Laboratory  Experiments.  .  .  .8vo,  3  oo 

Low's  Technical  Methods  of  Ore  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Miller's  Manual  of  Assaying i2mo,  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.) i2mo,  2  50 

tVDriscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8y»j,  4  oo 

Hike's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process I2mo,  i  50 

ASTRONOMY. 

'Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

Craig's  Azimuth 4to,  3  50 

Doolittle's  Treatise  on  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  4  oo 

•Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

•*  Michie  and  Harlow's  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

*  White's  Elements  of  Theoretical  and  Descriptive  Astronomy i2mo,  2  oo 

BOTANY. 

Davenport's  Statistical  Methods,  with  Special  Reference  to  Biological  Variation. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

Thomd  and  Bennett's  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany i6mo,  2  25 

Westermaier's  Compendium  of  General  Botany.     (Schneider.) 8vo,  2  oo 

CHEMISTRY. 

Adriance's  Laboratory  Calculation*  and  Specific  Gravity  Tables I2mo,  i  25 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Arnold's  Compendium  of  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) Small  8vo,  3  50 

Austen's  Notes  for  Chemical  Students I2mo,  i  50 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder. — Nitro-cellulose,  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2nao,  2  50 

*  Browning's  Introduction  to  the  Rarer  Elements 8vo,  i  50 

3 


Brush  and  Penfield's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy ivo,  4  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.    (Boltwood.).  .8vo,  3  oo 

Cohn's  Indicators  and  Test-papers i2mo,  2  oo 

Tests  and  Reagents 8vo,  3  oo 

Crafts's  Short  Course  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.   (Schaeffer.).  .  .  i2mo,  i  50 
Dolezalek's  Theory  of   the   Lead  Accumulator   (Storage   Battery).        (Von 

Ende.).  .  .' I2mo,  z  50 

Drechsel's  Chemical  Reactions.     (Merrill.) I2mo,  i  25 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Effront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Erdmann's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Preparations.     (Dunlap.) i2mo,  i  25 

Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe. 

i2mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses i2mo,  2  oo 

Fresenius's  Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.     (Wells.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.  Part  I.  Descriptive.  (Wells.)  8vo,  3  oo 
System   of    Instruction    in    Quantitative    Chemical   Analysis.      (Cohn.) 

2  vols 8vo,  12  50 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Getman's  Exercises  in  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,  2  oo 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers i2mow  i  25 

Grotenfelt's  Principles  of  Modern  Dairy  Practice.     (Woll.) .i2mo,  2  oo 

Groth's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography  (Marshall) i2mo,  i  25 

Hammarsten's  Text-book  of  Physiological  Chemistry.     (Mandel.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Helm's  Principles  of  Mathematical  Chemistry.     (Morgan.) i2mo,  i  50 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Hind's  Inorganic  Chemistry 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Laboratory  Manual  for  Students ." I2mo,  i  oo 

Holleman's  Text-book  of  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Cooper.) 8vo,  2  50 

Text-book  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker  and  Mott.) 8vo,  2  50 

*  Laboratory  Manual  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker.) I2mo,  i  oo 

Hopkins's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook 8vo,  3  oo 

Jackson's  Directions  for  Laboratory  Work  in  Physiological  Chemistry.  .8vo,  i  25 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Ladd's  Manual  of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis i2mo  i  oo 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.     (Tingle.) 8vo,  3  oo 

*  Langworthy  and  Austen.        The  Occurrence  of  Aluminium  in  Vegelable 

Products,  Animal  Products,  and  Natural  Waters 8vo,  2  oo 

Lassar-Cohn's  Practical  Urinary  Analysis.  (Lorenz.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Application  of  Some  General  Reactions  to  Investigations  in  Organic 

Chemistry.  (Tingle.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control 8vo,  7  50 

Lob's  Electrochemistry  of  Organic  Compounds.  (Lorenz.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Lodge's  Notes  on  Assaying  and  Metallurgical  Laboratory  Experiments 8vo,  3  oo 

Low's  Technical  Method  of  Ore  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Lunge's  Techno-chemical  Analysis.  (Cohn.) izmo  i  oo 

*  McKay  and  Larsen's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Butter-making" 8vo,  i  50 

Mandel's  Handbook  for  Bio-chemical  Laboratory I2mo,  i  50 

*  Martin's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis  with  the  Blowpipe .  .  i2mo,  60 
Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a.  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

3d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  4  oo 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.). i2mo,  i  25 

Matthew's  The  Textile  Fibres 8vo,  3  5<> 

Meyer's  Determination  of  Radicles  in  C«rbon  Compounds.     (Tingle.).  .i2mo,  i  oo 

Miller's  Manual  of  Assaying I2mo,  i  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.) ....  i2mo,  2  50 

Mixrer's  Elementary  Text-book  of  CbeMdaftry > i2mo,  i  50 

4 


Morgan's  An  Outline  of  the  Theory  of  Solutions  and  its  Results jimo,  I  oo 

Elements  of  Physical  Chemistry i2mo,  3  oo 

*  Physical  Chemistry  for  Electrical  Engineers i2mo,  i  50 

Morse's  Calculations  used  in  Cane-sugar  Factories i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Mulliken's  General  Method  for  the  Identification  of  Pure  Organic  Compounds. 

Vol.  I Large  8vo,  5  oo 

O'Brine's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Chemical  Analysis 8v»,  2  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Ostwald's  Conversations  on  Chemistry.     Part  One.     (Ramsey.) i2mo,  i  50 

"                    "                "            "              Part  Two.     (Turnbull.) izmo,  200 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  50 

Pictet's  The  Alkaloids  and  their  Chemical  Constitution.     (Biddle.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Pinner's  Introduction  to  Organic  Chemistry.     (Austen.) i2mo,  i  50 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Eacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis i2mo,  I  25 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air.Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.  .8vo,  2  oo 
Ricketts  and  Russell's  Skeleton  Notes  upon  Inorganic   Chemistry.      (Part  I. 

Non-metallic  Elements.) 8vo,  morocco,  75 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  50 

Disinfection  and  the  Preservation  of  Food 8vo,  4  oo 

Riggs's  Elementary  Manual  for  the  Chemical  Laboratory 8vo,  i  25 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Rostoski's  Serum  Diagnosis.     (Bolduan.) I2mo,  i  oo 

Ruddimafi's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions 8vo,  2  oo 

*  Whys  in  Pharmacy I2mo,  i  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.     (Orndorff.) 8vo,  2  50 

Schimpf's  Text-book  of  Volumetric  Analysis .  i2mo,  2  50 

Essentials  of  Volumetric  Analysis 12010,  i   25 

*  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  i   25 

Smith's  Lecture  Notes  on  Chemistry  for  Dental  Students 8vo,  2  50 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mol  morocco  3  oo 

Handbook  for  Cane  Sugar  Manufacturers i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils. 8vo,  2  50 

*  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,  i  50 

*  Descriptive  General  Chemistry 8vo,  3  oo 

Treadwell's  Qualitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) „' 8vo,  3  oo 

Quantitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Van  Deventer's  Physical  Chemistry  for  Beginners.     (Boltwood.) i2mo,  i  50 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Ware's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture  and  Refining Small  8vo,  cloth,  4  oo 

Washington's  Manual  of  the  Chemical  Analysis  of  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo 

Wassermann's  Immune  Sera :  Haemolysins,  Cytotoxins,  and  Precipitins.    (Bol- 
duan.)   i2mo,  i  oo 

Wehrenfennig's  Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed-Water 8vo,  4  oo 

Wells's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  i  50 

Short  Course  in  Inorganic  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis  for  Engineering 

Students i2mo,  i  50 

Text-book  of  Chemical- Arithmetic i2mo,  i  25 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process I2mo,  I  50 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8v»,  7  50 

Wulling's    Elementary    Course    in  Inorganic,  Pharmaceutical,  and  Medical 

Chemistry ia-mo,  2  oo* 

5 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

JBRIDGES    AND    ROOFS.       HYDRAULICS.       MATERIALS   OF   ENGINEERING. 
RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

:  Baker's  Engineers'  Surveying  Instruments I2mo,  3  oo 

IBixby's  Graphical  Computing  Table Paper  19^X24!  inches.  25 

:  **  Burr's  Ancient  and  Modern  Engineering  and  the  Isthmian  Cana ..     (Postage, 

.    27  cents  additional.) 8vo,  3  50 

•Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

JDavis's  Elevation  and  Stadia  Tables 8vo,  i  oo 

Elliott's  Engineering  for  Land  Drainage i2mo,  i  50 

Practical  Farm  Drainage i2mo,  i  oo 

*Fiebeger's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo,  5  oo 

Flemer's  Phototopographic  Methods  and  Instruments 8vo,  5  oo 

kFolwell's  Sewerage.     (Designing  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Freitag's  Architectural  Engineering.     2d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  3  50 

French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo,  2  50 

Goodhue's  Municipal  Improvements I2mo,  i  75 

Goodrich's  Economic  Disposal  of  Towns'  Refuse 8vo,  3  50 

•  Gore?s  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

iHayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

-Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Howe's  Retaining  Walls  for  Earth i2mo,  i  25 

*  Ives's  Adjustments  of  the  Engineer's  Transit  and  Level i6mo,  Bds.  25 

Johnson's  (J.  B.)  Theory  and  Practice  of  Surveying Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Johnson's  (L.  J.)  Statics  by  Algebraic  and  Graphic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.    (Truscott  and  Emory.).  i2mo,  2  oo 

Mahan's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering.     (1873.)     (Wood.) 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Descriptive  Geometry 8ro  i  50 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Merriman  and  Brooks's  Handbook  for  Surveyors i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

Nugent's  Plane  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

"Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Parsons's  Disposal  of  Municipal  Refuse 8ve,  2  oo 

Patton's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo  half  leather,  7  50 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage.  . 8vo,  3  50 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone-cutting  and  Masonry 8vo,  i  50 

Smith's  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Sondericker's  Graphic  Statics,  with  Applications  to  Trusses,  Beams,  and  Arches. 

8vo,  2  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Trautwine's  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket-book i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Venable's  Garbage  Crematories  in  America 8vo,  2  oo 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Warren's  Stereotomy — Problems  in  Stone-cutting 8vo,  2  50 

Webb's  Problems  in  the  Use  and  Adjustment  of  Engineering  Instruments. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

BRIDGES  AND  ROOFS. 

Boiler 'L  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Iron  Highway  Bridges.  .8vo,  2  oo 

*  Thames  River  Bridge 4to,  paper,  5  oo 

6 


Burr's  Course  on  the  Stresses  in  Bridges  and  Roof  Trusses,  Arched  Ribs,  and 

Suspension  Bridges 8vo,  3  50 

Burr  and  Falk's  Influence  Lines  for  Bridge  and  Roof  Computations.  . .  .8vo,  3  oo 

Design  and  Construction  of  Metallic  Bridges 8vo,  5  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

Foster's  Treatise  on  Wboden  Trestle  Bridges 4to,  5  oo 

Fowler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

Greene's  Roof  Trusses 8vo,  i  25 

Bridge  Trusses 8vo ,  2  50 

Arches  in  Wood,  Iron,  and  Stone 8vo,  2  50 

Howe's  Treatise  on  Arches 8vo,  4  oo 

Design  of  Simple  Roof- trusses  in  Wood  and  Steel 8vo,  2  oo 

Johnson,  Bryan,  and  Turneaure's  Theory  and  Practice  in  the  Designing  of 

Modern  Framed  Structures Small  4to,  10  oo 

Merriman  and  Jacoby's  Text-book  on  Roofs  and  Bridges: 

Part  I.     Stresses  in  Simple  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Part  II.     Graphic  Statics 8vo,  2  50 

Part  III.     Bridge  Design 8vo,  2  50 

Part  IV.     Higher  Structures 8vo,  2  50 

Morison's  Memphis  Bridge 4to,  10  oo 

Waddeli's  De  Pontibus,  a  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers.  .i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

*  Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  50 

Wright's  Designing  of  Draw-spans.     Two  parts  in  one  volum.e 8vo,  3  50 


HYDRAULICS. 

Bazin's  Experiments  upon  the  Contraction  of  the  Liquid  Vein  Issuing  from 

an  Orifice.     (Trautwine.) 8vo,  2  oo 

Bovey's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Diagrams  of  Mean  Velocity  of  Water  in  Open  Channels paper,  i  50 

Hydraulic  Motors 8vo,  2  oo 

Coffin's  Graphical  Solution  of  Hydraulic  Problems i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Folwell's  Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

Frizell's  Water-power 8vo,  5  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works i2mo,  2  so 

Ganguillet  and  Kutter's  General  Formula  for  the  Uniform  Flow  of  Water  in 

Rivers  and  Other  Channels.     (Hering  and  Trautwine.) 8vo,  4  oo- 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supply 8vo,  3  oo 

Hazlehurst's  Towers  and  Tanks  for  Water-works 8vo,  2  50 

Herschel's  115  Experiments  on  the  Carrying  Capacity  of  Large,  Riveted,  Metal 

Conduits 8vo,  2  oo 

Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanic*. 8vo,-   4  oo 

Schuyler's   Reservoirs  for   Irrigation,   Water-power,   and   Domestic   Water- 
supply Large  8vo,  5  oo 

**  Thomas  and  Watt's  Improvement  of  Rivers.     (Post,  440.  additional. ).4to,  6  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Wegmann's  Design  and  Construction  of  Dams 4to,  5  oo 

Water-supply  of  the  City  of  New  York  from  1658  to  1895 4to,  10  oo 

Williams  and  Hazen's  Hydraulic  Tables.  . , 8vo,  i  50 

Wilson's  Irrigation  Engineering Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover.  .  .  8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics '. 8vo,  3  oa 

7 


MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Roads  and  Pavements 8vo,  5  oo 

Black's  United  States  Public  Works Oblong  4to,  5  oo 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering 8vo,  7  50 

Byrne's  Highway  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Inspection  of  the  Materials  and  Workmanship  Employed  in  Construction. 

i6mo,  3  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  I Small  4to,  7  50 

*Eckei's  Cements,  Limes,  and  Plasters 8vo,  6  oo 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction Large  8vo,  6  oo 

Fowler's  Ordinary  Foundations 8vo,  3  50 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Marten's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.)     2  vols 8vo,  7  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  SteeL     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Practical  Treatise  on  Foundations 8vo,  5  oo 

Richardson's  Modern  Asphalt  Pavements 8vo,  3  oo 

Richey's  Handbook  for  Superintendents  of  Construction i6mo,  mor.,  4  oo 

Rockwell's  Roads  and  Pavements  in  France I2mo,  i  25 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines i2mo,  i  oo 

Snow's  Principal  Species  of  Wood 8vo,  3  50 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement i2rao,  2  oo 

Text-book  on  Roads  and  Pavements 121110,  2  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     3  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part  I.     Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering  and  Metallurgy 8vo,  2  oo 

Part  II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents • 8vo,  2  50 

Thurston's  Text-book  of  the  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Tillson's  Street  Pavements  and  Paving  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

Waddell's  De  Pontibus.    (A  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers.).  .  i6mo,  mer.,  2  oo 

Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  i  25 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials,  and  an  Appendix  on 

the  Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Wood's  (De  V.)  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel 8vo,  4  oo 


RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Andrew's  Handbook  for  Street  Railway  Engineers 3x5  inches,  morocco,  i  25 

Berg's  Buildings  and  Structures  of  American  Railroads 4to,  5  oo 

Brook's  Handbook  of  Street  Railroad  Location i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Butt's  Civil  Engineer's  Field-book : i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Crandall's  Transition  Curve i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Railway  and  Other  Earthwork  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.  .  i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

8 


Dredge's  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad:   (1879) Paper,  5  oo 

*  Drinker's  Tunnelling,  Explosive  Compounds,  and  Rock  Drills. 4to,  half  mor.,  25  oo 

Fisher's  Table  of  Cubic  Yards Cardboard,  25 

Godwin's  Raik-oad  Engineers'  Field-book  and  Explorers'  Guide. . .  i6mo,  mor.,  2  50 

Howard's  Transition  Curve  Field-book i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Hudson's  Tables  for  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Em- 
bankments  8vo,  i  oo 

Molitor  and  Beard's  Manual  for  Resident  Engineers i6mo,  i  oo 

Nagle's  Field  Manual  for  Railroad  Engineers i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Philbrick's  Field  Manual  for  Engineers i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Searles's  Field  Engineering i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Railroad  Spiral i6mo,  merocco,  i  50 

Taylor's  Prismoidal  Formulae  and  Earthwork 8vo,  i  50 

*  Trautwine's  Method  of  Calculating  the  Cube  Contents  of  Excavations  and 

Embankments  by  the  Aid  of  Diagrams 8vo,  2  oo 

The  Field  Practice  of  Laying  Out  Circular  Curves  for  Railroads. 

1 2 mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Cross-section  Sheet Paper,  25 

Webb's  Railroad  Construction i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Wellington's  Economic  Theory  ef  the  Location  of  Railways Small  8vo,  5  oo 


DRAWING. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "  "  "        Abridged  Ed 8vo,  i  50 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers  Oblong  4to,  2  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines ' 8vo,  4  oo 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo,  2  50 

Hill's  Text-book  on  Shades  and  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  2  oo 

Jamison's  Elements  of  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Advanced  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

MacCord's  Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  3  oo 

Kinematics ;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing .  .  . 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

MacLeod's  Descriptive  Geometry Small  8vo,  i  50 

*  Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry  and  Stone-cutting 8vo,  i  50 

Industrial  Drawing.     (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

Moyer's  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  oo 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (R.  S.)  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Plane  and  Solid  Free-hand  Geometrical  Drawing.  12 mo,  i  oo 

Drafting  Instruments  and  Operations i2mo,  i  25 

Manual  of  Elementary  Projection  Drawing i2mo,  i  50 

Manual  of  Elementary  Problems  in  the  Linear  Perspective  of  Form  and 

Shadow i2mo,  i  oo 

Plane  Problems  in  Elementary  Geometry i2mo,  i  25 

9 


*      Treatise  on  the  Military  Law  of  Uni 

* 

Manual  for  Courts-martial 

Watt's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Ju 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Co 
tecture 

Law  of  Contracts 

Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law. 


MANUFACTURES. 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder— Nitro-cellulose  and  Theory  of  tin  Cellulose 

Molecule 12010,  2  50 

Holland's  Iron  Founder I2mo,  2  50 

"  The  Iron  Founder,"  Supplement I2mo,  2  50 

Encyclopedia  of  Founding  and  Dictionary  of  Foundry  Terms  Ussd  in  the 

Practice  of  Moulding I2mo,  3  oo> 

*  Eckel's  Cements,  Limes,  and  Plasters 8vo,  6  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Effront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i2mo,  i  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Hopkin's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook 8vo,  3  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control Large  8vo,  7  50 

*  McKay  and  Larson's  Principles  and  Practice  of  Butter-making 8vo,  i  50 

Matthews's  The  Textile  Fibres 8vo,  3  50 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users I2mo,  2  oo, 

Metcalfe's  Cost  of  Manufactures — And  the  Administration  of  Workshops. 8vo,  5  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

Morse's  Calculations  used  in  Cane-sugar  Factories i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo 

Rice's  Concrete-block  Manufacture 8vo,  2  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement i2mo,  2  oo 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Handbook  for  Cane  Sugar  Manufacturers i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Taylor  and  Thompson's  Treatise  on  Concrete,  Plain  and  Reinforced 8vo,  5  oo 

Thujston's  Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction  and  Opera- 
tion  8vo,  5  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Ware's  Beet-sugar  Manufacture  and  Refining Small  8vo,  4  oo 

West's  American  Foundry  Practice I2mo,  2  50 

Moulder's  Text-book i2mo,  2  50 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings:  Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and  Steel.  ,8vo,  4  oo 

MATHEMATICS. 

Baker's  Elliptic  Functions 8vo,  I  50 

*  Bass's  Elements  of  Differential  Calculus i2mo,  4  oo 

Briggs's  Elements  of  Plane  Analytic  Geometry i2mo, 

Compton's  Manual  of  Logarithmic  Computations i2mo, 

Davis's  Introduction  to  the  Logic  of  Algebra 8vo, 

*  Dickson's  College  Algebra Large  i2mo, 

*  Introduction  to  the  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equations Large  lamo, 

Emch's  Introduction  to  Projective  Geometry  and  its  Applications 8vo, 

Halsted's  Elements  of  Geometry 8vo, 

Elementary  Synthetic  Geometry 8vo, 


oo 
So 
50 
So 
25 
50 
75 
So- 
Rational  Geometry i2mo,  75 

*  Johnson's  (J.  B.)  Three-place  Logarithmic  Tables:   Vest-pocket  size. paper,         15 

100  copies  for    5  oo 

*  Mounted  on  heavy  cardboard,  8  X  10  inches,        25 

10  copies  for    2  oo 
Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Elementary  Treatise  on  Differential  Calculus .  .  Small  8vo,    3  oo 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus Small  8vo,    i  50 

11 


Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Curve  Tracing  in  Cartesian  Co-ordinates i2mo,    i  oo 

Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Treatise  on  Ordinary  and  Partial  Differential  Equations. 

Small  8vo,    3  50 
Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theory  of  Errors  and  the  Method  of  Least  Squares.  i2mo,     i  50 

*  Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theoretical  Mechanics I2mo,    3  oo 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.     (Truscott  and  Emory.) .  i2mo,    2  oo 

*  Ludlow  and  Bass.     Elements  of  Trigonometry  and  Logarithmic  and  Other 

Tables 8vo,    3  oo 

Trigonometry  and  Tables  published  separately Each,    2  oo 

*  Ludlow's  Logarithmic  and  Trigonometric  Tables 8vo,     i  oo 

Manning's  Irrational  Numbers  and  their  Representation  by  Sequences  and  Series 

i2mo,     i  25 
Mathematical  Monographs.     Edited  by  Mansfield  Merriman  and  Robert 

S.  Woodward Octavo,  each     i  oo 

No.  i.  History  of  Modern  Mathematics,  by  David  Eugene  Smith. 
No.  2.  Syntfietic  Projective  Geometry,  by  George  Bruce  Halsted. 
No.  3.  Determinants,  by  Laenas  Gifford  Weld.  No.  4.  Hyper- 
bolic Functions,  by  James  McMahon.  No.  5.  Harmonic  Func- 
tions, by  William  E.  Byerly.  No.  6.  Grassmann's  Space  Analysis, 
by  Edward  W.  Hyde.  No.  7.  Probability  and  Theory  of  Errors, 
by  Robert  S.  Woodward.  No.  8.  Vector  Analysis  and  Quaternions, 
by  Alexander  Macfarlane.  No.  9.  Differential  Equations,  by 
William  Woolsey  Johnson.  No.  10.  The  Solution  of  Equations, 
by  Mansfield  Merriman.  No.  n.  Functions  of  a  Complex  Variable, 
by  Thomas  S.  Fiskc. 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,    4  oo 

Merriman's  Method  of  Least  Squares 8vo,     2  oo 

Rice  and  Johnson's  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Differential  Calculus. .  Sm.  8vo,    3  oo 

Differential  and  Integral  Calculus.     2  vols.  in  one Small  8vo,     2  50 

Wood's  Elements  of  Co-ordinate  Geometry 8vo,     2  oo 

Trigonometry;  Analytical,  Plane,  and  Spherical i2mo,    i  oo 

« 
MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING,  STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Bacon's  Forge  P/actice i2mo,  i  50 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating  for  Buildings i2mo,  2  50 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "  "        Abridged  Ed 8vo,     i  50 

Benjamin's  Wrinkles  and  Recipes i2mo,    2  oo 

Carpenter's  Experimental  Engineering 8vo,    6  oo 

Heating  and  Ventilating  Buildings 8vo,  4  oo 

Gary's  Smoke  Suppression  in  Plants  using  Bituminous  Coal.     (In  Prepara- 
tion.) 

Clerk's  Gas  and  Oil  Engine Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Coolidge  and  Freeman's  Elements  of  General  Drafting  for  Mechanical  En- 
gineers   Oblong  4to,  2  50 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing i2mo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys i2mo,  i  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving i2mo,  2  oo 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers.  .  .  .' i2mo,  i  25 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication i2mo,  i  oo 

Bering's  Ready  Reference  Tables  (Conversion  Factors) i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

12 


Button's  The  Gas  Engine, 8vo,  5  oo 

Jamison's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  50 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket-book i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

Leonard's  Machine  Shop,  Tools,  and  Methods 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lorenz's  Modern  Refrigerating  Machinery.    (Pope,  Haven,  and  Dean.) .  .  8vo,  4  oo 

MacCord's  Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams SYO,  i  50 

MacFarland's  Standard  Reduction  Factors  for  Gases 8vo,  i  50 

Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.     (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Richard's  Compressed  Air i2mo,  i   50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (O.)  Press- working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's   Treatise    on   Friction  and   Lost   Work   in   Machinery   and   Mill 

Work 8vo,  3  oo 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics .  i2mo,  i  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Weisbach's    Kinematics    and    the    Power    of    Transmission.     (Herrmann — 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.     (Herrmann — Klein.).  .8vo,  5  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  2  50 


MATERIALS   OP   ENGINEERING. 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering.    6th  Edition. 

Reset 8vo,  7  50 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Martens 's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.) SYO,  7  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

"  Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Sabin's  Industrial  and  Artistic  Technology  of  Paints  and  Varnish 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines I2mo,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering 3  vols.,  8vo,  8  oo 

Part  II.     Iron  and  Steel. 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Text-book  of  the  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Wood's  (De  V  )  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials  and  an  Appendix  on 

the  Preservation  of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

13 


Wood's  (M.  P.)  Rustless  Coatings:    Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron  and 

Steel 8vo,  4  oo> 

STEAM-ENGINES   AND  BOILERS. 

Berry's  Temperature-entropy  Diagram iamo,  i  25 

Carnot's  Reflections  on  the  Motive  Power  of  Heat.     (Thurston.) i2mo,  i  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book. . .  .i6mo,  mor.,  5  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Mgfeing  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Sparks 8vo,  2  oo 

Hemenway's  Indicator  Practice  and  Steam-engine  Economy 12 mo,  2  oo 

Button's  Mechanical  Engineering  of  Power  Plants 8vo,  5  oo 

Heat  and  Heat-engines 8vo.  5  oo 

Kent's  Steam  boiler  Economy 8vo,  4  oo 

Kneass's  Practice  and  Theory  of  the  Injector 8vo,  i  50 

MacCord's  Slide-valves 8vo,  2  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

Peabody's  Manual  of  the  Steam-engine  Indicator i2mo>  i  50 

Tables  of  the  Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  and  Other  Vapors    8vo,  i  oo 

Thermodynamics  of  the  Steam-engine  and  Other  Heat-engines 8vo,  5  oo 

Valve-gears  for  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Peabody  and  Miller's  Steam-boi!ers 8vo,  4  oo 

Pray's  Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator Large  8vo,  2  50 

Pupin's  Thermodynamics  of  Reversible  Cycles  in  Gases  and  Saturated  Vapors. 

(Osterberg.) I2mo,  I  25 

Reagan's  Locomotives:  Simple   Compound,  and  Electric i2mo,  2  50 

Rontgen's  Principles  of  Thermodynamics.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Sinclair's  Locomotive  Engine  Running  and  Management i2mo,  2  oo 

Smart's  Handbook  of  Engineering  Laboratory  Practice i2mo,  2  50 

Snow's  Steam-boiler  Practice 8vo,  3  oo 

Spangler's  Valve-gears 8vo,  2  50- 

Notes  on  Thermodynamics 12010,  i  oo 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thomas's  Steam-turbines 8vo,  3  50 

Thurston's  Handy  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Manual  of  the  Steam-engine 2  vols.,  8vo,  10  oo 

Part  I.     History,  Structure,  and  Theory 8vo,  6  oo 

Part  II.     Design,  Construction,  and  Operation 8vo,  6  oo 

Handbook  of  Engine  and  Boiler  Trials,  and  the  Use  of  the  Indicator  and 

the  Prony  Brake 8vo,  5  oo 

Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50* 

Steam-boiler  Explosions  in  Theory  and  in  Practice I2mo,  i  50 

Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction,  and  Operation 8vo.  5  oo 

Wehrenfenning's  Analysis  and  Softening  of  Boiler  Feed-water  (Patterson)  8vo,  4  oo 

Weisbach's  Heat,  Steam,  and  Steam-engines.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Whitham's  Steam-engine  Design 8vo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Thermodynamics,  Heat  Motors,  and  Refrigerating  Machines.  .  .8vo,  4  oO 


MECHANICS  AND   MACHINERY. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery : 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures   8vo,  7  50 

Chase's  The  Art  of  Pattern-making i2mo,  2  50 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Notes  and  Examples  in  Mechanics 8vo,  2  oo 

Compton's  First  Lessons  in  Metal-working i2mo,  i  50 

Compton  and  De  Groodt's  The  Speed  Lathe I2mo,  i  50 

14 


Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing i2mo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys i2mo,  i  50 

Dana's  Text-book  of  Elementary  Mechanics  for  Colleges  and  Schools.  .i2mo,  i  50 

Dingey's  Machinery  Pattern  Making i2mo,  2  oo 

Dredge's  Record  of  the  Transportation  Exhibits  Building  of  the  World's 

Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to  half  morocco,  5  oo 

Du  Bois's  Elementary  Principles  of  Mechanics : 

VoL      I.     Kinematics 8vo,  3  50 

Vol.    II.     Statics 8vo,  4  oo 

Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.    I Small  4to,  7  50 

Vol.  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

^Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i6mo,  i  oo 

Blather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving i2mo,  2  oo 

•Cross's  Locomotive  Sparks '. STO,  2  oo 

*  Greene's  Structural  Mechanics 8vo,  2  50 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication i2mo,  i  oo 

Holly's  Art  of  Saw  Filing i8mo,  75 

James's  Kinematics  of  a  Point  and  the  Rational  Mechanics  of  a  Particle. 

Small  8vo,  2  oo 

*  Johnson's  (W.  W.)  Theoretical  Mechanics i2mo,  3  oo 

Johnson's  (L.  J.)  Statics  by  Graphic  and  Algebraic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part    I.     Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II.     Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo  2  oo 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Leonard's  Machine  Shop,  Tools,  and  Methods . . .  .8vo,  4  oo 

*  Lorenz's  Modern  Refrigerating  Machinery.     (Pope,  Haven,  and  Dean.). 8vo,  4  oo 
MacCord's  Kinematics;   or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i   50 

*  Martin's  Text  Book  on  Mechanics,  Vol.  I,  Statics i2mo,  i  25 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Elements  of  Mechanics i2mo,  i  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Parshalland  Hobart's  Electric  Machine  Design 4to,  half  morocco,  12  50 

Reagan's  Locomotives:   Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric i2mo,  2  50 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design. 8vo,  3  oo 

Richards's  Compressed  Air i2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery.     Vol.  1 8vo,  2  50 

Schwamb  and  Merrill's  Elements  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Sinclair's  Locomotive-engine  Running  and  Management I2mo,  2  oo 

Smith's  (O.)  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  (A.  W.)  Materials  of  Machines i2mo,  i  oo 

Smith  (A.  W.)  and  Marx's  Machine  Design 8vo,  3  oo 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Treatise  on  Friction   and   Lost  Work  in    Machinery  and    Mill 

Work 8vo,  3  oo 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics.  i2mo,  i  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Weisbach's  Kinematics  and  Power  of  Transmission.   (Herrmann — Klein.).  8vo,  5  oo 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.      (Herrmann — Klein.). 8vo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Principles  of  Elementary  Mechanics, I2mo,  i  23 

Turbines. 8vo,  2  50 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  i  oo 

15 


METALLURGY. 

Egleston's  Metallurgy  of  Silver,  Gold,  and  Mercury: 

Vol.    I.     Silver 8vo,  7  50 

Vol.  II.     Gold  and  Mercury 8vo,  7  50 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals:     A  Reference  Book , .  .  .  .  i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

**  Iles's  Lead-smelting.     (Postage  9  cents  additional.) i2mo,  2  50 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe 8vo,  i  50 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — Burgess. )i2mo.  3  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  far  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Minet's  Production  of  Aluminum  and  its  Industrial  Use.     (Waldo.). . .  .  i2mo,  2  50 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines i2mo,  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     In  Three  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part    II.     Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III.     A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 


MINERALOGY. 

Barringer's  Description  of  Minerals  of  Commercial  Value.    Oblong,  morocco,  2  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo,  3  oo 

Map  of  Southwest  Virignia Pocket-book  form.  2  oo 

Brush's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy.     (Penfield.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Chester's  Catalogue  of  Minerals 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Cloth,  i  25 

Dictionary  of  the  Names  of  Minerals 8vo  3  50 

Dana's  System  of  Mineralogy Large  8vot  half  leather,  12  50 

First  Appendix  to  Dana's  New  "  System  of  Mineralogy." Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Text-book  of  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them i2mo,  i  50 

Catalogue  of  American  Localities  of  Minerals Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Petrography i2mo,  2  oo 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects i2mo,  i  oo 

Eakle's  Mineral  Tables 8vo,  i  25 

Egleston's  Catalogue  of  Minerals  and  Synonyms 8vo,  2  50 

Goesel's  Minerals  and  Metals :     A  Reference  Book i6mo,mor.  3  oo 

Groth's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography  (Marshall) i2mo,  i  25 

Hussak's  The  Determination  of  Rock-forming  Minerals.    ( Smith.). Small  8vo,  2  oo 

Merrill's  Non-metallic  Minerals:   Their  Occurrence  and  Uses 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  50 
Rosenbusch's    Microscopical   Physiography    of   the   Rock-making  Minerals. 

(Iddings.) 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Tillman's  Text-book  of  Important  Minerals  and  Rocks 8vo,  2  oo 


MINING. 

Beard's  Ventilation  of  Mines I2mo,  2  50 

Beyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginiar. 8vo,  3  oo 

Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  ferm  2  oo 

Douglas's  Untechnical  Addresses  on  Technical  Subjects.  .  , i2mo;  i  oo 

*  Drinker's  Tunneling,  Explosive  Compounds,  and  Rocic  Drills.  . 4to,hf.  mor.,  25  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives .8vo,  /,  ->o 

Goeeel's  Minerals  and  Metals :     A  Reference  Book i6mo,  mor.  3  oo 

16 


Goodyear's  Coal-mines  of  the  Western  Coast  of  the  United  States i2mo,  2  50 

ihlseng's  Manual  of  Mining 8vo,  5  oo 

**  Iles's  Lead-smelting.     (Postage  QC.  additional.) i2mo,  2  30 

Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe 8vo,  i   50 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

Robine  and  Lenglen's  Cyanide  Industry.     (Le  Clerc.) 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes i2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process i2mo,  i  50 

Hydraulic  and  Placer  Mining - i2mo,  2  oo 

Treatise  on  Practical  and  Theoretical  Mine  Ventilation T2rno,  i  25 


SANITARY  SCIENCE. 

Bashore's  Sanitation  of  a  Country  House i2mo,  i  oo 

Folwell's  Sewerage.     (Designing,  Construction,  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses lamo,  2  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health i2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works iamo,  2  50 

Gerhard's  Guide  to  Sanitary  House-inspection i6mo,  i  oo 

Goodrich's  Economic  Disposal  of  Town's  Refuse Demy  8vo,  3  50 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  3  oo 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control 8vo,  7  So 

Mason's  Water-supply.  (Considered  principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint )8vo,  4  oo 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.) i2mo,  i  25 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Prescott  and  Winslow's  Elements  of  Water  Bacteriology,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Sanitary  Water  Analysis i2mo,  i  25 

*  Price's  Handbook  on  Sanitation i2mo,  i  50 

Richards's  Cost  of  Food.     A  Study  in  Dietaries i2mo,  i  oo 

Cost  of  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science i2mo,  i  oo 

Cost  of  Shelter i2mo,  i  oo 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air,  Water^and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Stand- 
point  8vo,  2  oo 

*  Richards  and  Williams's  The  Dietary  Computer 8vo,  i  50 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  50 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Von  Behring's  Suppression  of  Tuberculosis.     (Bolduan.) I2mo,  i  oo 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Winton's  Microscopy  of  Vegetable  Foods 8vo,  7  50 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  i   50 

*  Personal  Hygiene i2mo,  i  oo 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

De  Fursac's  Manual  of  Psychiatry.     (Rosanoff  and  Collins.).  ..  .Large  I2mo,  2  50 

Ehrlich's  Collected  Studies  on  Immunity  ( Bolduan) 8vo,  6  oo 

Emmens's  Geological  Guide-book  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Excursion  of  the 

International  Congress  of  Geologists Large  8vo,  I  50 

Ferrel's  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Winds 8vo,  4  oo 

Raines's  American  Railway  Management I2mo,  2  50 

Mott's  Fallacy  of  the  Present  Theory  of  Sound i6mo,  I  oo 

Ricketts's  History  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  1824-1 894.. Small  8vo,  3  oo 

Rostoski's  Serum  Diagnosis.     (Bolduan.) i2mo,  I  oo 

Rotherham'fc  Emphasized  New  Testament Large  8vo,  i  oo 

17 


Steel's  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Dog 8vo,  3  50 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  i  oo 

Von  Behring's  Suppression  ot  Tuberculosis.     (Bolduan.) i2mo,  i  oo 

Winslow's  Elements  of  Applied  Microscopy i2mo,  i  50 

Worcester  and  Atkinson.     Small  Hospitals,  Establishment  and  Maintenance; 

Suggestions  for  Hospital  Architecture :  Plans  for  Small  Hospital .  1 2  mo ,  i  25 


HEBREW  AND  CHALDEE  TEXT-BOOKS. 


Green's  Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar i2mo,  i  25 

Hebrew  Chrestomathy 8vo,  2  oo 

Gesenius's  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  Lexicon  to  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.) Small  4*0,  half  morocco,  5  oo 

Letteris's  Hebrew  Bible. 8vo,  2  25 

18 


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